Molecular Assessment of Glutathion S-Transferases (GSTT1 & GSTM1) Genotypes in HCV Infection

Glutathione S-Transferases (GSTs) are super family phase II detoxification enzymes, which regulate oxidative stress. GST Mu-1 (GSTM1) and GST Theta-1 (GSTT1) are expressed frequently in liver cell and have been observed to have prominent role in neutralizing reactive oxygen species producing as results of normal metabolism, stress or infection. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HCV-induced damage because GSTs directly involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. Total 76 blood samples were collected. Various risk factors regarding HCV & GSTs were evaluated. Human genomic DNA was extracted through phenol/chloroform method and GSTs genotype was analyzed observed. Among 56 patient’s samples, GSTT1 (-), GSTM1 (-) and null genotype were 21.05%, 28.95%, 23.69% respectively while 26.3% of individuals showed normal GST pattern. Similarly among the male (63.16%) the ratios of GSTT1(-), GSTM1(-) and null genotype were 11.84%, 17.11% and 18.42% respectively, while among total female (36.84%) the ratios for GSTT1(-), GSTM1(-) and Null genotypes were 9.21%, 11.84 % and 5.26 % respectively. The individuals younger than 31 years showed GSTT1(-) 2.63 %, GSTM1(-) 6.58 % and null genotype 3.95 %. While individuals elder than 31 years GSTT1(-) were 18.42% GSTM1(-), 22.37% and null genotypes were 19.74%. It has been concluded that increase in age, increases the chances of both GSTT1 & GSTM1 deletion(-), irrespective of null genotypes, however chronic HCV infection produce frequent GST’s null genotypes. Among various risk factors tobacco addiction and unhygienic life standard seems to be the risk factors

Design, Synthesis and Characterization of [G10a]-Temporin SHa Dendrimers as Dual Inhibitors of Cancer and Pathogenic Microbes

As the technologies for peptide synthesis and development continue to mature, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are being widely studied as significant contributors in medicinal chemistry research. Furthermore, the advancement in the synthesis of dendrimers’ design makes dendrimers wonderful nanostructures with distinguishing properties. This study foregrounds a temporin SHa analog, [G10a]-SHa, and its dendrimers as globular macromolecules possessing anticancer and antibacterial activities. These architectures of temporin SHa, named as [G10a]-SHa, its dendrimeric analogs [G10a]2-SHa and [G10a]3-SHa, and [G10a]2-SHa conjugated with a polymer molecule, i.e., Jeff-[G10a]2-SHa, were synthesized, purified on RP-HPLC and UPLC and fully characterized by mass, NMR spectroscopic techniques, circular dichroism, ultraviolet, infrared, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopic studies. In pH- and temperature-dependent studies, all of the peptide dendrimers were found to be stable in the temperature range up to 40–60 °C and pH values in the range of 6–12. Biological-activity studies showed these peptide dendrimers possessed improved antibacterial activity against different strains of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Together, these dendrimers also possessed potent selective antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells originating from different organs (breast, lung, prostate, pancreas, and liver). The high hemolytic activity of [G10a]2-SHa and [G10a]3-SHa dendrimers, however, limits their use for topical treatment, such as in the case of skin infection. On the contrary, the antibacterial and anticancer activities of Jeff-[G10a]2-SHa, associated with its low hemolytic action, make it potentially suitable for systemic treatment