Oral health status and behaviours of children in rural districts of Cambodia

Objective: To describe the caries and periodontal status of children in rural Cambodia and to study their oral health habits. Method: Field examinations were conducted in Pailin, Kampong Thom and Kratie which are three rural districts in Cambodia. Children aged 6 and aged 12 were selected for report of caries status of primary and permanent teeth respectively. The periodontal status of the 12-year-old children in Kampong Thom and Kratie were assessed. A parental questionnaire survey was performed to study the children's tooth brushing habits, snacks habits and their diet. Results: A total of 120 6-year-old children and 196 12-year-old children were examined. The caries experience (dmft) of the 6-year-old children was 7.9±5.6. The caries experience (DMFT) of the 12-year-old children was 1.1±1.6 and all were untreated caries (DT). None of the surveyed 12-year-old children had healthy gums and 62% had calculus. A total of 316 questionnaires were collected. The result found 44% and 22% of the 6- and 12-year-old children had never brushed. Their meals were all mainly rice, soup and congee and snacks were not common. Conclusion: The caries experience of the 6-year-old children was high and most of the caries was untreated. The 12-year-old children had a mean score of 1.1 DMFT in their permanent teeth. They all had bleeding gums and more than half had calculus. Their oral health habits need to improve as many children never brushed their teeth. © 2008 FDI/World Dental Press.link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Frequencies of board meetings on various topics and corporate governance: evidence from China

This paper examines the relationship between number of topic-specific board meetings and quality of corporate governance. The quality of corporate governance is estimated by CEO turnover-performance and compensation-performance sensitivities. Information about topic-specific meetings is collected from the reports of independent directors of Chinese listed firms. We find that more frequent discussions of growth strategies related to the use of IPO proceeds, investment and acquisitions increase CEO compensation-performance sensitivity. By contrast, more discussions about the nomination of directors and top management are likely to reduce the sensitivities of both CEO turnover and compensation to performance. Our findings shed light on what makes boards efficient, and how board monitoring of assorted decisions modifies the relationship between CEO interests and firm performance

Tax Compliance and Audit Adjustment: An Investigation of the Transfer Pricing Methodologies

The article examined the transfer pricing methodologies in tax compliance and audit adjustment in the U.S. The development of tansfer pricing regulations in China was taken into account. The difference between transaction-based approach and profit-based approach were analyzed. Brief description and information about the comparable uncontrolled price method and cost-plus method is further presented. The policy safeguarding the resale price method and profit split methods was scrutinized as the sample descriptions and research design

Time used in endodontic treatment with or without magnifying loupes

Dental Materials 4: Clinical Trials 156 - Clinical Trials (Poster Session): no. 1386OBJECTIVE: To compare the time in performing endodontic treatment with or without the use of magnifying loupes. METHOD: Patients who required primary endodontic treatment (Root Canal Treatment or RCT) in two clinical trial centres namely University Health Service of The University of Hong Kon...link_to_OA_fulltex

Effect of Kt/V on nutritional status and morbidity in CAPD patients - a prospective randomized study

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Effect of Kt/V on survival and clinical outcome in CAPD patients in a randomized prospective study

Background. There has been a lack of randomized control study on the effect of Kt/V on patient outcome. This interventional study was designed to examine the effect of Kt/V on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients' clinical outcome and nutritional status in a randomized prospective manner. Method. A total of 320 new CAPD patients with baseline renal Kt/V 2.0. Kt/V and nutritional status were assessed every 6 months and dialysis prescription adjusted accordingly. Nutritional assessment included serum albumin and composite nutritional index (CNI). Patients were allowed to withdraw at the discretion of their physicians or themselves. Results. Total Kt/V were significantly different between groups (P = 0.000) and the difference was contributed by peritoneal Kt/V only. The overall 2-year patient survival was 84.9%. There was no statistical difference in patient survival among the three groups (2-year survival in group A, 87.3%; group B, 86.1%; and group C, 81.5%). However, there were more patients withdrawn by physicians in group A (group A, 16; group B, 7; and group C, 6; P = 0.023). Total Kt/V or Kt did not significantly affect survival after adjustment to age and diabetes. There was no difference in serum albumin, CNI scores, and hospitalization rate, but there were more patients in group A requiring erythropoietin (EPO) treatment after 1 year. Conclusion. Patients with total Kt/V maintained below 1.7 had significantly more clinical problems and severe anemia but there was no difference in outcome demonstrated for patients with Kt/V maintained above 2.0 and between 1.7 and 2.0. We recommended that the minimal target of total Kt/V should be above 1.7.link_to_subscribed_fulltex