Quinolone Resistance in Bacterial Isolates from Chicken Carcasses in Abeokuta, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study from 2005-2011

Quinolone resistance in bacteria from food animals is now globally recognized as a serious veterinary and public health problem. To determine the rate of quinolone resistance in pathogenic bacteria isolated from samples from dead chickens submitted for microbiological examination, a six-year retrospective study (April, 2005 – March, 2011) was carried out. Data from records of bacteriological investigations at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Nigeria were evaluated. Two hundred bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli (95; 47.5%), Salmonella serotypes (78; 38.0%), Klebsiella (17; 8.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12; 6.0%) were isolated from chicken carcasses within the six-year period. On the overall, the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (40.5%), enrofloxacin (21.0%), nalidixic acid (9.5%) and norfloxacin (44.0%). Overall, resistance to quinolones (except nalidixic acid) was highest in S. aureus (ciprofloxacin, 58.3%; enrofloxacin, 33.3%; and norfloxacin, 83.3%) followed by Klebsiella spp (ciprofloxacin, 41.2%; enrofloxacin, 29.4%; and norfloxacin, 64.7%), E. coli (ciprofloxacin, 40.0%; enrofloxacin, 23.2%; and norfloxacin, 41.1%) and least in Salmonella (ciprofloxacin, 38.6%; enrofloxacin,14.5%; and norfloxacin, 36.8%). However, resistance to nalidixic acid was highest in Klebsiella spp (23.5%) followed by S. aureus (16.7%), E. coli (9.5%) and least in Salmonella (5.3%). There was a general decline in quinolone resistance in the last three years (2009-2011) of this investigation. Quinolone resistance in avian pathogenic bacteria could lead to increase in economic loss from bacterial infection and refractory to treatment. Their possible transmission to humans is of public health significance.Keywords: Bacterial isolates, Commercial poultry chickens,QuinoloneresistanceNigerian Veterinary Journal, VOL:33 (2) 483-49

Genetic Environments of Plasmid-Mediated <i>bla</i>_CTXM-15 Beta-Lactamase Gene in Enterobacteriaceae from Africa

The most widely distributed blaCTX-M gene on a global scale is blaCTX-M-15. The dissemination has been associated with clonal spread and different types of mobile genetic elements. The objective of this review was to describe the genetic environments of the blaCTX-M-15 gene detected from Enterobacteriaceae in published literature from Africa. A literature search for relevant articles was performed through PubMed, AJOL, and Google Scholar electronic databases; 43 articles from 17 African countries were included in the review based on the eligibility criteria. Insertion sequences were reported as part of the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 gene in 32 studies, integrons in 13 studies, and plasmids in 23 studies. In this review, five insertion sequences including ISEcp1, IS26, orf447, IS903, and IS3 have been detected which are associated with the genetic environment of blaCTX-M-15 in Africa. Seven different genetic patterns were seen in the blaCTX-M-15 genetic environment. Insertion sequence ISEcp1 was commonly located upstream of the end of the blaCTX-M-15 gene, while the insertion sequence orf477 was located downstream. In some studies, ISEcp1 was truncated upstream of blaCTX-M-15 by insertion sequences IS26 and IS3. The class 1 integron (Intl1) was most commonly reported to be associated with blaCTX-M-15 (13 studies), with Intl1/dfrA17–aadA5 being the most common gene cassette array. IncFIA-FIB-FII multi-replicons and IncHI2 replicon types were the most common plasmid replicon types that horizontally transferred the blaCTX-M-15 gene. Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were commonly collocated with the blaCTX-M-15 gene on plasmids. This review revealed the predominant role of ISEcp1, Intl1 and IncF plasmids in the mobilization and continental dissemination of the blaCTX-M-15 gene in Africa

Antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from companion animals in Buenos Aires, Argentina: 2011–2017 retrospective study

The widespread use of antimicrobial therapy in companion animals could lead to increased levels of resistance. Monitoring these levels is critical to understand not only the zoonotic threat of resistant bacteria but also the interspecies transmission of resistance mechanisms. However, data on resistance levels in companion animals of urban areas in Latin America are lacking. In this retrospective study, we analysed 23,922 isolates recovered from clinical samples of dogs and cats between 2011 and 2017. Growing trends of resistance to fluoroquinolones were observed in most bacterial species of veterinary importance with zoonotic potential (Enterobacterales, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus). Furthermore, an increase of resistance levels to third-generation cephalosporins was also detected in Enterobacterales. Currently, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. did not seem to represent a clinical challenge. A high proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales isolated from urine was reported. It is interesting to outline that resistance to amikacin was exceptional. This study might be considered as a baseline for prospective antimicrobial resistance surveillance in companion animals in our region.Fil: Rumi, María Valeria. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Nuske, Ezequiel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Mas, Javier Diego. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Argentina. Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico Diagnotest; ArgentinaFil: Argüello, Andrea. Laboratorio de Análisis Clínico Diagnotest; ArgentinaFil: Gutkind, Gabriel Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Di Conza, José Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquimica. Instituto de Investigaciones En Bacteriologia y Virologia Molecular; Argentin

Diverse non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars with multi-drug resistance potentials isolated from chicken faeces in Ogun State, Nigeria

This study was carried out in selected poultry farms to determine the prevalence, distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Salmonella serovars in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria. A total of 200 faecal samples were aseptically collected from the four geographical zones of Ogun State, Nigeria. Seventy-eight Salmonella isolates spread across 39 serovars and representing a prevalence of 39% was recovered. Salmonella Urbana (n=7), Salmonella Kingston (n=6) and Salmonella Agama (n=5) serovars were more commonly isolated. Resistance was most common to ciprofloxacin (29.5%; n=23/78). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was observed in 15.4% (n=12/78) of the isolates spread across 7 serovars: S. Kentucky, S. Telelkebir, S. Virchow, S. Blockley, S. Chomedey, S. Haifa, and S. Isangi. The study showed the diversity of Salmonella serovars and the increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance in poultry farms in Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria