Temperament and parental child-rearing style: unique contributions to clinical anxiety disorders in childhood

Both temperament and parental child-rearing style are found to be associated with childhood anxiety disorders in population studies. This study investigates the contribution of not only temperament but also parental child-rearing to clinical childhood anxiety disorders. It also investigates whether the contribution of temperament is moderated by child-rearing style, as is suggested by some studies in the general population. Fifty children were included (25 with anxiety disorders and 25 non-clinical controls). Child-rearing and the child’s temperament were assessed by means of parental questionnaire (Child Rearing Practices Report (CRPR) (Block in The Child-Rearing Practices Report. Institute of Human Development. University of California, Berkely, 1965; The Child-Rearing Practices Report (CRPR): a set of Q items for the description of parental socialisation attitudes and values. Unpublished manuscript. Institute of Human Development. University of California, Berkely, 1981), EAS Temperament Survey for Children (Boer and Westenberg in J Pers Assess 62:537–551, 1994; Buss and Plomin in Temperament: early developing personality traits. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Hillsdale, 1984s). Analysis of variance showed that anxiety-disordered children scored significantly higher on the temperamental characteristics emotionality and shyness than non-clinical control children. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that temperament (emotionality and shyness) and child-rearing style (more parental negative affect, and less encouraging independence of the child) both accounted for a unique proportion of the variance of anxiety disorders. Preliminary results suggest that child-rearing style did not moderate the association between children’s temperament and childhood anxiety disorders. The limited sample size might have been underpowered to assess this interaction

Ionospheric Response to Natural and Man Made Impacts

International audienceThe problem of energy transfer from the Earth’s solid mantles to the atmosphere and surrounding space is of essential importance for the fundamental geophysics and applied studies. These processes can largely govern the structure and dynamics of the phenomena developing in the near Earth space. Moreover, the consequences of such impacts as earthquakes, hurricanes, etc. upon the Earth’s electromagnetic field and ionosphere can become an extra factor in monitoring the processes involved in the upcoming large-scale seismic and meteorological catastrophes. The acoustic-gravity waves (comprising acoustic and gravity waves and hereafter referred to as AGW) are one of the most efficient ways to transport over the ionosphere the energy of the dynamic processes developing in the low atmosphere. The early experiments of the 1950’s and 60’s on Doppler sounding even showed that the ionosphere can serve as a sensitive indicator of natural and man made disturbances. The Doppler sounding of the ionosphere revealed impulse and wave disturbances excited by powerful sources of infrasound, such as: a) megaton nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, kiloton ground industrial explosions, b) earthquakes and volcano eruptions, c) thunderstorms, tornadoes and tsunamis, d) bolides and meteorites, e) rocket launches and flights of supersonicjets, f) aurora and solar eclipse