5,710 research outputs found
Entanglement, Non-linear Dynamics, and the Heisenberg Limit
We show that the quantum Fisher information provides a sufficient condition
to recognize multi-particle entanglement in a qubit state. The same
criterion gives a necessary and sufficient condition for sub shot-noise phase
sensitivity in the estimation of a collective rotation angle . The
analysis therefore singles out the class of entangled states which are {\it
useful} to overcome classical phase sensitivity in metrology and sensors. We
finally study the creation of useful entangled states by the non-linear
dynamical evolution of two decoupled Bose-Einstein condensates or trapped ions.Comment: Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 100401 (2009
Phase Estimation With Interfering Bose-Condensed Atomic Clouds
We investigate how to estimate from atom-position measurements the relative
phase of two Bose-Einstein condensates released from a double-well potential.
We demonstrate that the phase estimation sensitivity via the fit of the average
density to the interference pattern is fundamentally bounded by shot noise.
This bound can be overcome by estimating the phase from the measurement of
(or higher) correlation function. The optimal estimation strategy
requires the measurement of the -th order correlation function. We also
demonstrate that a second estimation method -- based on the detection of the
center of mass of the interference pattern -- provides sub shot-noise
sensitivity. Yet, the implementation of both protocols might be experimentally
challenging.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Analytical Results for the Statistical Distribution Related to Memoryless Deterministic Tourist Walk: Dimensionality Effect and Mean Field Models
Consider a medium characterized by N points whose coordinates are randomly
generated by a uniform distribution along the edges of a unitary d-dimensional
hypercube. A walker leaves from each point of this disordered medium and moves
according to the deterministic rule to go to the nearest point which has not
been visited in the preceding \mu steps (deterministic tourist walk). Each
trajectory generated by this dynamics has an initial non-periodic part of t
steps (transient) and a final periodic part of p steps (attractor). The
neighborhood rank probabilities are parameterized by the normalized incomplete
beta function I_d = I_{1/4}[1/2,(d+1)/2]. The joint distribution
S_{\mu,d}^{(N)}(t,p) is relevant, and the marginal distributions previously
studied are particular cases. We show that, for the memory-less deterministic
tourist walk in the euclidean space, this distribution is:
S_{1,d}^{(\infty)}(t,p) = [\Gamma(1+I_d^{-1})
(t+I_d^{-1})/\Gamma(t+p+I_d^{-1})] \delta_{p,2}, where t=0,1,2,...,\infty,
\Gamma(z) is the gamma function and \delta_{i,j} is the Kronecker's delta. The
mean field models are random link model, which corresponds to d \to \infty, and
random map model which, even for \mu = 0, presents non-trivial cycle
distribution [S_{0,rm}^{(N)}(p) \propto p^{-1}]: S_{0,rm}^{(N)}(t,p) =
\Gamma(N)/\{\Gamma[N+1-(t+p)]N^{t+p}\}. The fundamental quantities are the
number of explored points n_e=t+p and I_d. Although the obtained distributions
are simple, they do not follow straightforwardly and they have been validated
by numerical experiments.Comment: 9 pages and 4 figure
Genomic and non-genomic effects of androgens in the cardiovascular system: clinical implications
The principle steroidal androgens are testosterone and its metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is converted from testosterone by the enzyme 5α-reductase. Through the classic pathway with androgens crossing the plasma membrane and binding to the androgen receptor (AR) or via mechanisms independent of the ligand-dependent transactivation function of nuclear receptors, testosterone induces genomic and non-genomic effects respectively. AR is widely distributed in several tissues, including vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Androgens are essential for many developmental and physiological processes, especially in male reproductive tissues. It is now clear that androgens have multiple actions besides sex differentiation and sexual maturation and that many physiological systems are influenced by androgens, including regulation of cardiovascular function [nitric oxide (NO) release, Ca2+ mobilization, vascular apoptosis, hypertrophy, calcification, senescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation]. This review focuses on evidence indicating that interplay between genomic and non-genomic actions of testosterone may influence cardiovascular function
Phase Sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer
The best performance of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is achieved with the
input state |N_T/2 + 1>|N_T/2-1 > + |N_T/2 - 1>|N_T/2+1>, being N_T the total
number of atoms/photons. This gives: i) a phase-shift error confidence
C_{68%}=2.67/N_T with ii) a single interferometric measurement. Different input
quantum states can achieve the Heisenberg scaling ~ 1/N_T but with higher
prefactors and at the price of a statistical analysis of two or more
independent measurements.Comment: 4 figure
Was the GLE on May 17, 2012 linked with the M5.1-class flare the first in the 24th solar cycle?
On May 17, 2012 an M5.1-class flare exploded from the sun. An O-type coronal
mass ejection (CME) was also associated with this flare. There was an instant
increase in proton flux with peak at MeV, leading to S2 solar
radiation storm level. In about 20 minutes after the X-ray emission, the solar
particles reached the Earth.It was the source of the first (since December
2006) ground level enhancement (GLE) of the current solar cycle 24. The GLE was
detected by neutron monitors (NM) and other ground based detectors. Here we
present an observation by the Tupi muon telescopes (Niteroi, Brazil, , , 3 m above sea level) of the enhancement of muons at ground
level associated with this M5.1-class solar flare. The Tupi telescopes
registered a muon excess over background in the 5-min binning time
profile. The Tupi signal is studied in correlation with data obtained by
space-borne detectors (GOES, ACE), ground based neutron monitors (Oulu) and air
shower detectors (the IceTop surface component of the IceCube neutrino
observatory). We also report the observation of the muon signal possibly
associated with the CME/sheath striking the Earth magnetosphere on May 20,
2012. We show that the observed temporal correlation of the muon excess
observed by the Tupi muon telescopes with solar transient events suggests a
real physical connection between them. Our observation indicates that
combination of two factors, the low energy threshold of the Tupi muon
telescopes and the location of the Tupi experiment in the South Atlantic
Anomaly region, can be favorable in the study and detection of the solar
transient events. Our experiment provides new data complementary to other
techniques (space and ground based) in the study of solar physics.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure
Mach-Zehnder Interferometry at the Heisenberg Limit with coherent and squeezed-vacuum light
We show that the phase sensitivity of a Mach-Zehnder
interferometer fed by a coherent state in one input port and squeezed-vacuum in
the other one is i) independent from the true value of the phase shift and ii)
can reach the Heisenberg limit , where is the
average number of particles of the input states. We also show that the
Cramer-Rao lower bound, , can be saturated for arbitrary values of the squeezing parameter
and the amplitude of the coherent mode by a Bayesian phase
inference protocol.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
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