Quality Evaluation of Jam Formulated from Baobab and Pawpaw Fruits

In this work, possibility of making jam from two underutilized fruits (baobab and pawpaw fruits) known to have high pectin content was investigated. Formulation was made in different proportions (100:0, 0:100, 70:30, 30:70, and 50:50) using both fruits. Granulated sugar solutionand acidifying agent (lime) were added to the mixture and heated at 80oC until it set. The samples were stored under refrigeration till analysis. The jam samples were analyzed for pH, total soluble solids (0Brix), titratable acidity (TTA), ascorbic acid, â-carotene and moisture content (M.C).Sensory attributes of the samples were compared with a commercial jam (apricot jam, APJ). Results from this study showed that TTA ranged between 3.27% for 100% baobab jam (BBJ) and 5.37% for APJ. The pH of the samples was highest in 100% BBJ and lowest in Apricot jam. Themoisture content (29.03-30.13) and soluble solids (60.33-65.67) of the samples were within the recommended range for commercial jam. Vitamin C ranged between 24.27 to 51.57 mg/100g for APJ and BBJ, while â-carotene for the samples was between the ranges of 30.00 to 105.00ìg/100g for APJ and BBJ. Jam sample formulated from 70:30 of baobab and pawpaw fruit respectively had better ratings in terms of flavor, taste, texture and spreadability. Similarly, the sample had better retention of vitamin C. Two bacterial species were isolated from the formulatedproducts which were identified to belong to the genera \Pseudomonas spp, and Proteus spp.Keywords: Baobab, Pawpaw, Ascorbic acid, Jam, Beta caroten

Innovation systems research: an agenda for developing countries

The continued relevance of the systems approach to the study of innovation, especially in developed countries, has been the subject of recent discourses. This paper argues that with respect to developing countries, discussions on innovation systems are yet to be exhausted. Against this background, the paper takes an objective look at the innovation systems approach and suggests an agenda for studying innovation systems in developing countries. The position of the paper is that modifications to the innovation systems approach present viable opportunities for understanding the innovation process in the developing world. Some concrete modifications, and their implications for future research, are proposed