14 research outputs found

    Effects of calcium products applications on quality and shelf life of four peach varieties

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    Preharvest foliar calcium (Ca) products sprays (@ 1%)   supplied as Ca oxide, Ca chloride, or Ca thiosulfate were applied on four peach cvs. to determine the effect of Ca formulations on fruit quality and shelf life. Treatments were designed to cover the entire period of fruit growth from fruit set to maturity, thus each calcium formulation was applied three to four times at 6 to 15-days interval depending on fruit growth rate. Multiple harvest times were realized with the progress of fruit commercial maturity, fruit samples of the first and last harvest of each cv. were either analyzed or stored for shelf life evaluation. Treatments with Ca products resulted in a significant increase in fruit firmness, for both harvests of all peach cvs., maximum increase was obtained by Ca chloride applications in three cvs., while fruit acidity was slightly increased in three varieties. Applications of Ca also reduced the number of fruit with split pit. Postharvest fruit weight loss was decreased by Ca treatments after 8 days storage; maximum storage period occurred with Ca chloride treatment, followed by Ca oxide treatment at the second position. Decay incidence was consistently reduced by Ca application for all peach cvs, mostly for the first harvest, relatively to the second one; the lowest rate of decay was recorded for Ca chloride treatment. Keys words: Prunus persica, firmness, storage, decay incidenc

    Comparative efficacy of mass trapping and attract-and-kill technique in the control of medfly (Ceratitis capitata, Wiedemann) in Central Moroccan peach orchards

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    To develop eco-friendly alternative control strategies for medfly, mass trapping trials were conducted in the central Morocco during the crop season 2016. Two control methods, mass trapping and the attract-and-kill technique were compared for the control of medfly on two peach varieties ('Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun') in Sefou district. For mass trapping, 62 traps/1.23 ha of MagnetTM Med type baited with ammonium acetate, trimethylamine, putrescine and 0.01 g of deltamethrin were installed on both varieties. In plots testing the attract-and-kill technique, treatments with malathion in mixture with protein hydrolyzate were applied to straw tuMs attached to branches of the same varieties whenever 1 fly was caught on a Trimedlure trap installed at the center of each plot. The results showed that the number of flies captured by mass trapping reached 508 and 489 adults on 'Rome Star' and 'Ryan Sun', respectively. The average number varied from 1 to 3 adults/trap/day, depending on the date of capture and the variety, and females accounted for 62-100% of total caught flies. In plots protected by the attract-and-kill technique, and taking into account the threshold adopted by the farm, 11 and 15 treatments were carried out respectively on the 'Ryan Sun' and 'Rome Star' varieties. Overall, infestation rates in plots did not exceed 0.3% before or at harvest with mass trapping versus 0.9% with the attract-and-kill technique. On fruit dropped on the ground, the infestation rate did not exceed 4% in mass trapping, compared to 11.5% in the chemically treated plots. Mass trapping was therefore proved to be an effective and eco-friendly tool for managing medfly on peach fruit

    Valorization of Olive Mill Wastewater in the Control of <em>Aphis pomi</em> De Geer 1773 (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Infesting Apple Plants in Nurseries

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    Olive mill wastewater (OMW), are the liquid residues generated during the extraction of oil by traditional and modern three-phase type crushing units. These effluents are characterized by an acidic pH and composition rich in water, organic matter, minerals and polyphenols. In general, they are directly discharged into natural ecosystems. Their danger is linked to the enormous quantities produced in a short period between October and March. To mitigate the effects of vegetable waters on the environment, their valorization in different areas is discussed. As biopesticides, crude OMW have been shown to be very toxic to Aphis pomi; the LC50 and LC95 varied respectively from 27.17 to 45.59 and from 77.19 to 134.57 mg of OMW/L of water; they vary according to the stage of the aphid considered. The young stages of A. pomi were more sensitive than the elderly are. Therefore, the OMW can be used as a means of controlling aphids. However, before operating on a large scale, it is necessary to repeat the trials in field and assess their impact on non-target organisms and treated crops

    Changements climatiques au Maroc: quels systĂšmes de culture et quelles biotechnologies pour s'y adapter ?

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    A prospective study is presented on the probable impact of climate change on cropping and livestock systems in Morocco. According to field reports and taking into account the limits of such studies, the direct effect of global warming can lead (and this is already the case in other countries) to a new varietal redistribution for the cold demanding species such as rosaceous. Apple cultivars such as the Golden group risk disappearing from the mountains to give way to others less cold demanding cultivars such as the Gala group. The banana and the avocado risk migrating to more continental regions while the olive and the citrus trees will move towards the foot of mountains. Global warming may also induce changes in livestock and cropping systems moving the drought boundary towards the center and north of the country. The arid would probably return to the semi-desert or desert space, the semi-arid would pass partly to the arid zone and the favorable Bour will be semi-arid. As a result to this change, we may expect a lack of water resource inducing an abandoning of grain crops in the arid stage for livestock. Also, we may expect a revising of the existing cropping systems within the rain-fed areas by introducing a little more Dry Farming and early cultivars. In the large irrigated perimeters, it would be necessary to exclude, due to the lack of water, the high water consuming crops such as rice and sugar cane for highly efficient and remunerative crops. Excessive drought predicted by some recent models also suggests a greater need for dams as soon as possible in order to take advantage of the rainy years with exceptional rainfall. On the other hand, it would also be necessary to optimize water management by moving rapidly towards drip irrigation, and by transferring water surplus to deficient areas. Even though the use of seawater as a resource for irrigation seems so far away, the advances in desalinization technology and cost will allow either large scale use of seawater in agriculture or finding new salinity tolerant cultivars. In Morocco, we should think of desalinization with renewable energies (solar, wind) and the use of this water mainly in coastal areas where climate, land quality, sun and wind are adequate to these projects. To anticipate the future of food security of the country, attention should be given to the use of readily available resources to overcome the structural deficit in wheat starch and animal protein. The study suggests the use of other starch sources that Morocco can produce easily such as potato. For animal protein, we suggest fisheries resources which are still underused by the population. Keywords: Climate change, cropping system, livestock, Biotechnology, Morocco.On prĂ©sente une Ă©tude prospective concernant l’impact probable des changements climatiques sur les systĂšmes de culture et d’élevage au Maroc. D’aprĂšs le constat de terrain et dans les limites de ce que signifie ce genre d’étude, l’effet direct du rĂ©chauffement climatique peut conduire Ă  terme (et c’est dĂ©jĂ  le cas dans certaines contrĂ©es) Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’une redistribution variĂ©tale pour des espĂšces exigeantes en froid comme les rosacĂ©es. Des variĂ©tĂ©s de pomme, telle que le groupe des Golden, risquent de disparaĂźtre des montagnes pour laisser la place Ă  d’autres moins exigeantes comme le groupe des Gala. Le bananier et l’avocatier risquent de migrer vers les rĂ©gions un peu plus continentales, l’olivier et les agrumes un peu plus vers le pied de la montagne. Le rĂ©chauffement climatique peut aussi obliger Ă  faire Ă©voluer les systĂšmes d’élevage et de culture en faisant dĂ©placer la frontiĂšre de la sĂ©cheresse un peu plus vers le centre et le nord du pays; l’aride serait peut-ĂȘtre envahi par la dĂ©sertification, le semi-aride passerait en partie Ă  l’étage aride et le Bour dit favorable en partie dans le semi-aride. Comme corollaire Ă  ce changement, il faudrait s’attendre Ă  une perte de potentiel de ressources en eau qui obligerait probablement Ă  abandonner les cultures pour le grain dans l’étage aride oĂč il n’y aurait plus suffisamment de pluie, au profit de l’élevage, et Ă  revoir les systĂšmes de culture en introduisant un peu plus d’aridoculture et de variĂ©tĂ©s plus prĂ©coces dans les autres Ă©tages d’agriculture pluviale. Dans les grands pĂ©rimĂštres irriguĂ©s, par manque d’eau l’on serait dans l’obligation de soustraire de ces pĂ©rimĂštres toute culture grande consommatrice d’eau telles que le riz et la canne Ă  sucre et, pour des impĂ©ratifs d’une meilleure valorisation de ce qui va rester, Ă  ne garder que des cultures Ă  forte efficience et fortement rĂ©munĂ©ratrices. La sĂ©cheresse excessive prĂ©visible par certains modĂšles rĂ©cents suggĂšre aussi un besoin plus important en barrages dans les plus brefs dĂ©lais possibles afin de profiter des annĂ©es trĂšs pluvieuses Ă  apports d’eau exceptionnels. Mais, il faudrait aussi optimiser la gestion de cette eau en Ă©voluant rapidement vers la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de l’irrigation localisĂ©e et en transfĂ©rant l’excĂ©dent d’eau vers les autres rĂ©gions dĂ©ficitaires. Quoi que cela puisse paraĂźtre encore lointain, l’eau de mer en tant que ressource inĂ©puisable pour l’irrigation est la vraie solution Ă  terme Ă  condition de lui trouver le dĂ©clic technologique pour un usage en grande agriculture Ă  l’instar de l’eau conventionnelle ou de dĂ©couvrir des variĂ©tĂ©s permettant de l’utiliser en l’état. Au Maroc, il faudrait penser au dessalage au moyen d’énergies renouvelables (solaire, Ă©olien) et Ă  l’utilisation de cette eau dans une premiĂšre phase, dans les zones cĂŽtiĂšres oĂč climat, qualitĂ© des terres, soleil et vent sont trĂšs favorables Ă  ces projets. Pour anticiper l’avenir au plan sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire du pays, il faudrait envisager l’emploi de ressources facilement mobilisables pour combler le dĂ©ficit structurel en amidon de blĂ© et en protĂ©ines animales. L’étude suggĂšre le recours Ă  d’autres sources d’amidon que le Maroc peut produire aisĂ©ment comme la pomme de terre, et pour le dĂ©ficit en protĂ©ines, une plus forte consommation de ressources halieutiques encore largement sous utilisĂ©es par la population. Mots-clĂ©s: Changements climatiques, systĂšme de culture, systĂšmes d’élevage, biotechnologies, Maroc

    Changements climatiques au Maroc: quels systĂšmes de culture et quelles biotechnologies pour s'y adapter ?

    Get PDF
    A prospective study is presented on the probable impact of climate change on cropping and livestock systems in Morocco. According to field reports and taking into account the limits of such studies, the direct effect of global warming can lead (and this is already the case in other countries) to a new varietal redistribution for the cold demanding species such as rosaceous. Apple cultivars such as the Golden group risk disappearing from the mountains to give way to others less cold demanding cultivars such as the Gala group. The banana and the avocado risk migrating to more continental regions while the olive and the citrus trees will move towards the foot of mountains. Global warming may also induce changes in livestock and cropping systems moving the drought boundary towards the center and north of the country. The arid would probably return to the semi-desert or desert space, the semi-arid would pass partly to the arid zone and the favorable Bour will be semi-arid. As a result to this change, we may expect a lack of water resource inducing an abandoning of grain crops in the arid stage for livestock. Also, we may expect a revising of the existing cropping systems within the rain-fed areas by introducing a little more Dry Farming and early cultivars. In the large irrigated perimeters, it would be necessary to exclude, due to the lack of water, the high water consuming crops such as rice and sugar cane for highly efficient and remunerative crops. Excessive drought predicted by some recent models also suggests a greater need for dams as soon as possible in order to take advantage of the rainy years with exceptional rainfall. On the other hand, it would also be necessary to optimize water management by moving rapidly towards drip irrigation, and by transferring water surplus to deficient areas. Even though the use of seawater as a resource for irrigation seems so far away, the advances in desalinization technology and cost will allow either large scale use of seawater in agriculture or finding new salinity tolerant cultivars. In Morocco, we should think of desalinization with renewable energies (solar, wind) and the use of this water mainly in coastal areas where climate, land quality, sun and wind are adequate to these projects. To anticipate the future of food security of the country, attention should be given to the use of readily available resources to overcome the structural deficit in wheat starch and animal protein. The study suggests the use of other starch sources that Morocco can produce easily such as potato. For animal protein, we suggest fisheries resources which are still underused by the population. Keywords: Climate change, cropping system, livestock, Biotechnology, Morocco.On prĂ©sente une Ă©tude prospective concernant l’impact probable des changements climatiques sur les systĂšmes de culture et d’élevage au Maroc. D’aprĂšs le constat de terrain et dans les limites de ce que signifie ce genre d’étude, l’effet direct du rĂ©chauffement climatique peut conduire Ă  terme (et c’est dĂ©jĂ  le cas dans certaines contrĂ©es) Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’une redistribution variĂ©tale pour des espĂšces exigeantes en froid comme les rosacĂ©es. Des variĂ©tĂ©s de pomme, telle que le groupe des Golden, risquent de disparaĂźtre des montagnes pour laisser la place Ă  d’autres moins exigeantes comme le groupe des Gala. Le bananier et l’avocatier risquent de migrer vers les rĂ©gions un peu plus continentales, l’olivier et les agrumes un peu plus vers le pied de la montagne. Le rĂ©chauffement climatique peut aussi obliger Ă  faire Ă©voluer les systĂšmes d’élevage et de culture en faisant dĂ©placer la frontiĂšre de la sĂ©cheresse un peu plus vers le centre et le nord du pays; l’aride serait peut-ĂȘtre envahi par la dĂ©sertification, le semi-aride passerait en partie Ă  l’étage aride et le Bour dit favorable en partie dans le semi-aride. Comme corollaire Ă  ce changement, il faudrait s’attendre Ă  une perte de potentiel de ressources en eau qui obligerait probablement Ă  abandonner les cultures pour le grain dans l’étage aride oĂč il n’y aurait plus suffisamment de pluie, au profit de l’élevage, et Ă  revoir les systĂšmes de culture en introduisant un peu plus d’aridoculture et de variĂ©tĂ©s plus prĂ©coces dans les autres Ă©tages d’agriculture pluviale. Dans les grands pĂ©rimĂštres irriguĂ©s, par manque d’eau l’on serait dans l’obligation de soustraire de ces pĂ©rimĂštres toute culture grande consommatrice d’eau telles que le riz et la canne Ă  sucre et, pour des impĂ©ratifs d’une meilleure valorisation de ce qui va rester, Ă  ne garder que des cultures Ă  forte efficience et fortement rĂ©munĂ©ratrices. La sĂ©cheresse excessive prĂ©visible par certains modĂšles rĂ©cents suggĂšre aussi un besoin plus important en barrages dans les plus brefs dĂ©lais possibles afin de profiter des annĂ©es trĂšs pluvieuses Ă  apports d’eau exceptionnels. Mais, il faudrait aussi optimiser la gestion de cette eau en Ă©voluant rapidement vers la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de l’irrigation localisĂ©e et en transfĂ©rant l’excĂ©dent d’eau vers les autres rĂ©gions dĂ©ficitaires. Quoi que cela puisse paraĂźtre encore lointain, l’eau de mer en tant que ressource inĂ©puisable pour l’irrigation est la vraie solution Ă  terme Ă  condition de lui trouver le dĂ©clic technologique pour un usage en grande agriculture Ă  l’instar de l’eau conventionnelle ou de dĂ©couvrir des variĂ©tĂ©s permettant de l’utiliser en l’état. Au Maroc, il faudrait penser au dessalage au moyen d’énergies renouvelables (solaire, Ă©olien) et Ă  l’utilisation de cette eau dans une premiĂšre phase, dans les zones cĂŽtiĂšres oĂč climat, qualitĂ© des terres, soleil et vent sont trĂšs favorables Ă  ces projets. Pour anticiper l’avenir au plan sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire du pays, il faudrait envisager l’emploi de ressources facilement mobilisables pour combler le dĂ©ficit structurel en amidon de blĂ© et en protĂ©ines animales. L’étude suggĂšre le recours Ă  d’autres sources d’amidon que le Maroc peut produire aisĂ©ment comme la pomme de terre, et pour le dĂ©ficit en protĂ©ines, une plus forte consommation de ressources halieutiques encore largement sous utilisĂ©es par la population. Mots-clĂ©s: Changements climatiques, systĂšme de culture, systĂšmes d’élevage, biotechnologies, Maroc

    ÉlĂ©ments d’aide au contrĂŽle de gestion et au management de l’agrumiculture au Maroc

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    L’étude est dĂ©diĂ©e aux grandes entreprises agrumicoles structurĂ©es et dĂ©centralisĂ©es. Elle fournit les Ă©lĂ©ments agronomiques et financiers pour un modĂšle de contrĂŽle de gestion de type bottom-up concevable Ă  partir de l’expĂ©rience sur la nouvelle agrumiculture nĂ©e du plan Maroc Vert. Le modĂšle suppose la transparence, un travail en partenariat fermes-contrĂŽle de gestion, un systĂšme d’information fiable et une fluiditĂ© de circulation de l’information. En agriculture, il n’y a pas d’analogie parfaite avec l’industrie concernant l’évaluation des Ă©carts de performance par rapport aux objectifs de gestion affichĂ©s par le budget. Dans l’industrie, les mĂȘmes inputs et le mĂȘme process produisent en gĂ©nĂ©ral le mĂȘme rĂ©sultat, ce qui facilite amplement l’analyse des Ă©carts constatĂ©s et aide beaucoup Ă  proposer des mesures correctives. En agriculture, avec une mĂȘme quantitĂ© d’inputs (eau, engrais, pesticides), et un mĂȘme process de production (porte greffe, variĂ©tĂ©, densitĂ©, taille), le rĂ©sultat peut ĂȘtre trĂšs diffĂ©rent selon l’annĂ©e climatique, la rĂ©gion ou le type de sol. Par consĂ©quent, le plus important dans cette activitĂ©, n’est pas l’écart de performance lui-mĂȘme, mais de pouvoir expliquer la part de cet Ă©cart qui revient Ă  la gestion et celle due aux facteurs externes non maitrisables du milieu. Une contre-performance sur la productivitĂ© ou la qualitĂ© peut ĂȘtre la consĂ©quence d’effets pervers d’un Chergui (chute des fruits, marbrures, coup de soleil) alors qu’aucune modification n’a Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©e au process usuel de production. De mĂȘme qu’une excellente performance est parfois en partie le fait d’une annĂ©e climatique favorable et d’un bon prix sur le marchĂ© et non d’un effort particulier de gestion. Cette Ă©norme difficultĂ© Ă  prĂ©voir avec une certaine confiance, ce que sera le comportement du verger d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre, rend donc malaisĂ© l’usage de «&nbsp;normes&nbsp;» figĂ©es pour le contrĂŽle de gestion. C’est pourquoi dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, l’effort a plus portĂ© sur l’exploration des causes des Ă©carts autour des chiffres moyens que sur les chiffres eux-mĂȘmes. Au Maroc, on est en prĂ©sence d’un systĂšme Ă©conomique libĂ©ral certes, mais la surproduction avec l’idĂ©e d’ensuite vendre les agrumes «&nbsp;a dime a dozen&nbsp;» ou de laisser la main invisible d’Adam Smith rĂ©guler le marchĂ© n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© un objectif du plan Maroc Vert. Le but recherchĂ©, est plutĂŽt de produire pour ensuite exporter davantage afin d’amĂ©liorer la balance commerciale du pays. Aujourd’hui, on est en situation d’offre excessive en petits fruits aggravĂ©e par un Export qui peine Ă  monter en charge, il est donc lĂ©gitime que chacun cherche Ă  tirer son Ă©pingle du jeu. Faute de pouvoir agir sur les prix, la mission basique du contrĂŽle de gestion est donc de maĂźtriser au moins les charges. MĂȘme si la vraie solution pour le Maroc, aurait Ă©tĂ© plutĂŽt d’instaurer un super-contrĂŽle de gestion innovant de type filiĂšre avec notamment des prĂ©rogatives de gel provisoire des plantations, le temps de conquĂ©rir de nouveaux marchĂ©s. Ce que nous craignions est maintenant arrivĂ© en 2018, c'est-Ă -dire finir aprĂšs autant d’investissements par vendre la clĂ©mentine de qualitĂ© sur le marchĂ© local Ă  10cts/kg. L’étude suggĂšre entre autres, comment sortir de cette pĂ©riode trouble et surmonter la crise avec un minimum de dĂ©gĂąts pour le producteur. Mots clĂ©s&nbsp;: ContrĂŽle de gestion, agrumes, MarocThe study concerns the large structured and decentralized citrus fruit companies. It provides the agronomic and financial tools for management control. The present management model is based on a bottom-up design. It is inspired from the new citrus cropping experience born from the Green Morocco plan. The model assumes transparency, farm and management control partnership, reliable information system and fluidity of information. In agriculture, there is no perfect analogy with the industry sector concerning the assessment of performance gaps compared to the management objectives reported by the budget. In industry, the same inputs combined to the same process generally produce the same result. Thus, the analysis of the observed performance gaps become easier and corrective measures can be suggested. In agriculture, the result can’t be similar even the same amount of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides), and the same production process (rootstock, cultivar, density, pruning) have been used. This situation is related to climatic year, location and soil type. Therefore, the most important in agricultural activity, is to explain the causes of the performance gap. Then, to classify these causes into manageable factors and not manageable factors of the environment. A low performance on productivity or quality can be related to the negative effect of “Chergui” wind (fall, physical damage, sunburn, ...) even we keep the same usual production process. Also, an excellent performance is sometimes related to a very good climate year and not to a specific management effort. The enormous difficulty of predicting confidently the orchard behavior, for each year, constrains the establishment of fixed "standards" useful for management control. Thus, in the present study, we try to explore causes of deviations around average numbers. In Morocco, a liberal economy is established. However, the overproduction with the idea of selling the citrus fruit as dime a dozen or leaving the Adam Smith invisible hand regulates the market has never been the goal of the Green Morocco Plan. Such plan aims to produce and to export more in order to improve the country's trade balance. Today, we are in a situation of excessive clementine supply aggravated by the difficulty to increase export quantity. This situation pushes each producer to perform well. Regarding the difficulty to regulate prices, the basic mission of the management control is to master at least the production costs. The true solution would to introduce an innovative super-control management of citrus sector. This management would include a provisional plantation freezing waiting for finding new markets. In fact, the feared problem is occurred in 2018. Indeed, high quality clementine has been sold at 10 cts kg-1. on the local market after many investments of the producer. The study aims to give suggestions to producers on how to manage this troubled period and overcome the crisis with minimal damage. Key words: Management control, citrus fruits, Morocc

    ÉlĂ©ments d’aide au contrĂŽle de gestion et au management de l’agrumiculture au Maroc

    Get PDF
    L’étude est dĂ©diĂ©e aux grandes entreprises agrumicoles structurĂ©es et dĂ©centralisĂ©es. Elle fournit les Ă©lĂ©ments agronomiques et financiers pour un modĂšle de contrĂŽle de gestion de type bottom-up concevable Ă  partir de l’expĂ©rience sur la nouvelle agrumiculture nĂ©e du plan Maroc Vert. Le modĂšle suppose la transparence, un travail en partenariat fermes-contrĂŽle de gestion, un systĂšme d’information fiable et une fluiditĂ© de circulation de l’information. En agriculture, il n’y a pas d’analogie parfaite avec l’industrie concernant l’évaluation des Ă©carts de performance par rapport aux objectifs de gestion affichĂ©s par le budget. Dans l’industrie, les mĂȘmes inputs et le mĂȘme process produisent en gĂ©nĂ©ral le mĂȘme rĂ©sultat, ce qui facilite amplement l’analyse des Ă©carts constatĂ©s et aide beaucoup Ă  proposer des mesures correctives. En agriculture, avec une mĂȘme quantitĂ© d’inputs (eau, engrais, pesticides), et un mĂȘme process de production (porte greffe, variĂ©tĂ©, densitĂ©, taille), le rĂ©sultat peut ĂȘtre trĂšs diffĂ©rent selon l’annĂ©e climatique, la rĂ©gion ou le type de sol. Par consĂ©quent, le plus important dans cette activitĂ©, n’est pas l’écart de performance lui-mĂȘme, mais de pouvoir expliquer la part de cet Ă©cart qui revient Ă  la gestion et celle due aux facteurs externes non maitrisables du milieu. Une contre-performance sur la productivitĂ© ou la qualitĂ© peut ĂȘtre la consĂ©quence d’effets pervers d’un Chergui (chute des fruits, marbrures, coup de soleil) alors qu’aucune modification n’a Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©e au process usuel de production. De mĂȘme qu’une excellente performance est parfois en partie le fait d’une annĂ©e climatique favorable et d’un bon prix sur le marchĂ© et non d’un effort particulier de gestion. Cette Ă©norme difficultĂ© Ă  prĂ©voir avec une certaine confiance, ce que sera le comportement du verger d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre, rend donc malaisĂ© l’usage de «&nbsp;normes&nbsp;» figĂ©es pour le contrĂŽle de gestion. C’est pourquoi dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, l’effort a plus portĂ© sur l’exploration des causes des Ă©carts autour des chiffres moyens que sur les chiffres eux-mĂȘmes. Au Maroc, on est en prĂ©sence d’un systĂšme Ă©conomique libĂ©ral certes, mais la surproduction avec l’idĂ©e d’ensuite vendre les agrumes «&nbsp;a dime a dozen&nbsp;» ou de laisser la main invisible d’Adam Smith rĂ©guler le marchĂ© n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© un objectif du plan Maroc Vert. Le but recherchĂ©, est plutĂŽt de produire pour ensuite exporter davantage afin d’amĂ©liorer la balance commerciale du pays. Aujourd’hui, on est en situation d’offre excessive en petits fruits aggravĂ©e par un Export qui peine Ă  monter en charge, il est donc lĂ©gitime que chacun cherche Ă  tirer son Ă©pingle du jeu. Faute de pouvoir agir sur les prix, la mission basique du contrĂŽle de gestion est donc de maĂźtriser au moins les charges. MĂȘme si la vraie solution pour le Maroc, aurait Ă©tĂ© plutĂŽt d’instaurer un super-contrĂŽle de gestion innovant de type filiĂšre avec notamment des prĂ©rogatives de gel provisoire des plantations, le temps de conquĂ©rir de nouveaux marchĂ©s. Ce que nous craignions est maintenant arrivĂ© en 2018, c'est-Ă -dire finir aprĂšs autant d’investissements par vendre la clĂ©mentine de qualitĂ© sur le marchĂ© local Ă  10cts/kg. L’étude suggĂšre entre autres, comment sortir de cette pĂ©riode trouble et surmonter la crise avec un minimum de dĂ©gĂąts pour le producteur. Mots clĂ©s&nbsp;: ContrĂŽle de gestion, agrumes, MarocThe study concerns the large structured and decentralized citrus fruit companies. It provides the agronomic and financial tools for management control. The present management model is based on a bottom-up design. It is inspired from the new citrus cropping experience born from the Green Morocco plan. The model assumes transparency, farm and management control partnership, reliable information system and fluidity of information. In agriculture, there is no perfect analogy with the industry sector concerning the assessment of performance gaps compared to the management objectives reported by the budget. In industry, the same inputs combined to the same process generally produce the same result. Thus, the analysis of the observed performance gaps become easier and corrective measures can be suggested. In agriculture, the result can’t be similar even the same amount of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticides), and the same production process (rootstock, cultivar, density, pruning) have been used. This situation is related to climatic year, location and soil type. Therefore, the most important in agricultural activity, is to explain the causes of the performance gap. Then, to classify these causes into manageable factors and not manageable factors of the environment. A low performance on productivity or quality can be related to the negative effect of “Chergui” wind (fall, physical damage, sunburn, ...) even we keep the same usual production process. Also, an excellent performance is sometimes related to a very good climate year and not to a specific management effort. The enormous difficulty of predicting confidently the orchard behavior, for each year, constrains the establishment of fixed "standards" useful for management control. Thus, in the present study, we try to explore causes of deviations around average numbers. In Morocco, a liberal economy is established. However, the overproduction with the idea of selling the citrus fruit as dime a dozen or leaving the Adam Smith invisible hand regulates the market has never been the goal of the Green Morocco Plan. Such plan aims to produce and to export more in order to improve the country's trade balance. Today, we are in a situation of excessive clementine supply aggravated by the difficulty to increase export quantity. This situation pushes each producer to perform well. Regarding the difficulty to regulate prices, the basic mission of the management control is to master at least the production costs. The true solution would to introduce an innovative super-control management of citrus sector. This management would include a provisional plantation freezing waiting for finding new markets. In fact, the feared problem is occurred in 2018. Indeed, high quality clementine has been sold at 10 cts kg-1. on the local market after many investments of the producer. The study aims to give suggestions to producers on how to manage this troubled period and overcome the crisis with minimal damage. Key words: Management control, citrus fruits, Morocc

    Year effect on blooming and harvesting time and fruit weight in two peach varieties grown under Sais valley climatic conditions

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    Morocco is country concerned by climate warming, phenomenon affecting fruit tree phenology and yield. The present study aims at evaluating blooming and maturity date, fruit weight and yield of two peach varieties grown under Sais Valley conditions during three consecutive years (2017 to 2019). The results showed that, for both varieties, the flowering time was 7 days earlier in 2017 than in 2018. Temperatures were highest in 2017 than in other years of study. For both varieties, the maturity date was earliest in 2017 and 2019, compared to that recorded in 2018. During fruit growth period, the temperatures were higher in 2017 and 2019 compared to those recorded in 2018. The fruit weight was significantly low during the warmest years. From year to year, the fluctuation of flowering and maturity date of the peach in Sais Valley might be related to the variability of temperatures. The warmest years were characterized by early flowering and fruit maturity and low fruit weight

    Elaboration of a strategy to control the peach twig borer Anarsia lineatella Zeller in the Sefrou region in Morocco

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    Trapping by specific sex pheromones initiated in 2009 to monitor three pests, peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella), oriental fruit moth (Cydia molesta) and plum fruit moth (Grapholita funebrana) revealed the greater importance of peach twig borer in comparison to the others. The results of monitoring the development of larval stages over time and the accumulated degree-days from biofix show that the pest develops five generations per year, one of which undergoes a diapause. In 2009 and 2010 chemical control based on tolerance threshold of 10 males/trap/2 weeks showed unsatisfactory results. With this method, the percentage of affected fruits increased from 6.8% in 2009 to 18.6% in 2010 despite the application of four treatments of organophosphate-based insecticides in 2009 and the application of four treatments in 2010 using active ingredients from different chemical families (pyrethroid, organophosphate and chlorinicotinyl). On the other hand, management of the peach twig borer by the degree-days method tested and planned on the basis of a bifenthrin treatment between 150 to 204 degree-days accumulated from biofix, gave interesting results where the percentage of affected fruits hardly exceeded 0.5% over the four years of stud

    Productivity and water saving of ‘Fortune’ plum under different water regimes

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    This study was conducted over four consecutive years (2015-2018) in the Sefrou region of Morocco, between Sais and the Middle Atlas Mountains. The goal of the study was to assess how plum trees respond to three different irrigation strategies: a normal supply of water (T2) to meet 100% of crop water needs; an irrigation deficit (T1) that provides only 75% of the water needs; and an additional water supply of 25% (T3) above the crop needs. The study found that deficient irrigation (T1) had no significant effect on plum yield or average fruit weight at harvest, but an excess water supply of 25% (T3) over the requirements (T2) resulted in higher yields and average fruit weight than the control. T3 also showed an increase in fruit size at harvest compared to the control, but not in T1 compared to T2. However, the excess water input for T3 did not justify the excess yield in terms of water use efficiency (WUE). On the other hand, T1 maintained the same level of production as the control while saving water, which resulted in a higher WUE compared to T2 and T3.
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