Access and utilisation of primary health care services comparing urban and rural areas of Riyadh Providence, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has seen an increase in chronic diseases. International evidence suggests that early intervention is the best approach to reduce the burden of chronic disease. However, the limited research available suggests that health care access remains unequal, with rural populations having the poorest access to and utilisation of primary health care centres and, consequently, the poorest health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the factors influencing the access to and utilisation of primary health care centres in urban and rural areas of Riyadh province of the KSA

Cobalt impregnated pillared montmorillonite in the peroxymonosulfate induced catalytic oxidation of tartrazine

Aluminum pillared montmorillonite impregnated with cobalt (CoAP) was synthe-sized and characterized using chemical analysis, XRD and N-2-physisorption. CoAP was tested as a catalyst in the peroxymonosulfate (Oxone (R)) induced catalytic degradation of tartrazine. The influence of Oxone (R)/catalyst ratio and temperature on CoAP catalytic performance was investigated. The UV-Vis spectra obtained after predetermined periods of time of reaction were analyzed in order for tartrazine solution composition to be monitored. The reaction was more efficient at 50 degrees C than at 30 degrees C and the presence of new peaks for the reaction at 50 degrees C was observed. The peaks were deconvoluted and further analyzed. The intensity of two characteristic peaks gradually decreased during the investigated reaction following the first order kinetics. Newly formed peaks indicated the formation of degradation products. The initial increase of the intensity of some of them was followed by certain decrease as the reaction proceeded. CoAP was found to be efficient catalyst in Oxone (R) induced catalytic decolorization of tartrazine. The degradation of different products formed in tartrazine oxidation was evidenced