Fe-Cu Alloy-Based Flexible Electrodes from Ethaline Ionic Liquid

The effective implementation of energy storage systems within flexible structures has recently become of particular interest. Here, the fabrication of inexpensive flexible electrodes via a number of straightforward methods formed the motivation for this research. Thin film-based Fe-Cu alloys were cathodically electrodeposited on a graphite substrate. As ionic liquids consist purely of ions (not solvent), they have recently been used in some electrochemical applications. In this study, therefore, Fe-Cu alloy coatings were prepared from an ethaline ionic liquid containing iron and copper salts. The electrochemical behaviour of Fe-Cu alloy films was determined by scanning between − 1.0 V and − 0.3 V in 1 M KOH at various scan rates ranging from 5 mV s−1 to 200 mV s−1. These films were characterised in terms of their structural and morphological properties by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Formation of iron and copper alloy was differentiated depending on applied potential. The supercapacitive ability of Fe-Cu-coated film observed in 1 M KOH electrolyte demonstrated a specific capacitance of 304 F g−1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The reaction between the alloy and the electrolyte was mainly controlled by a surface-controlled reaction. An asymmetric supercapacitor was constructed with an Fe-Cu-coated graphite negative electrode and a non-woven graphite positive electrode. Four asymmetric supercapacitors were connected in series and used to light up a blue light-emitting diode. This study shows that ethaline ionic liquid is a promising medium for the preparation of alloy-based electrodes in energy storage applications. © 2021, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society

The effect of growth potential on the self-discharge behavior of Cu–Ni based alloy electrodes

Recently, the increasing demand for sustainable clean energy from non-fossil sources motivated the researchers in energy storage devices and supercapacitors are one of the most promising energy storage systems. In this study, flexible copper and nickel coated electrodes are fabricated for supercapacitor applications from Ethaline deep eutectic solvent media. Copper and nickel-based materials were potentiostatically electrodeposited on flexible graphite substrates from Ethaline ionic liquid containing copper and nickel ions. Cu–Ni coated graphite films were scanned in 1 M KOH from −0.7 V to 0.4 V at different scan rates ranging between 5 mV s−1 and 100 mV s−1. Fabricated Cu–Ni electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Copper and nickel formation ratios on graphite films at different deposition voltages were determined by EDX analysis. Cu–Ni coated graphite films applying −1.8 V deposition potential exhibited a maximum areal capacitance of 47.3 mF cm−2 at 5 mV s−1 scan rate. Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the electrodes obtained at different applied voltages confirms the supercapacitor behaviour of Cu–Ni coated films. One of the biggest issues regarding the use of supercapacitors in daily life is their self-discharge behaviour. Self-discharge curves of the Cu–Ni modified electrodes were illustrated that decreasing deposition potentials can decrease self-discharge problem. This research determines that Ethaline ionic liquid is a potential media for alloy-based electrodes in the usage of supercapacitor applications. © 2022 Elsevier Lt

Hybrid seven-bar press mechanism: link optimization and kinetostatic analysis

An optimization study with kinetostatic analysis is performed on hybrid seven-bar press mechanism. This study is based on previous studies performed on planar hybrid seven-bar linkage. Dimensional synthesis is performed, and optimum link lengths for the mechanism are found. Optimization study is performed by using genetic algorithm (GA). Genetic Algorithm Toolbox is used with Optimization Toolbox in MATLAB®. The design variables and the constraints are used during design optimization. The objective function is determined and eight precision points are used. A seven-bar linkage system with two degrees of freedom is chosen as an example. Metal stamping operation with a dwell is taken as the case study. Having completed optimization, the kinetostatic analysis is performed. All forces on the links and the crank torques are calculated on the hybrid system with the optimized link lengths

Interactome analysis of Caenorhabditis elegans synapses by TurboID-based proximity labeling

Proximity labeling provides a powerful in vivo tool to characterize the proteome of subcellular structures and the interactome of specific proteins. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the most intensely studied organisms in biology, offering many advantages for biochemistry. Using the highly active biotin ligase TurboID, we optimize here a proximity labeling protocol for C. elegans. An advantage of TurboID is that biotin's high affinity for streptavidin means biotin-labeled proteins can be affinity-purified under harsh denaturing conditions. By combining extensive sonication with aggressive denaturation using SDS and urea, we achieved near-complete solubilization of worm proteins. We then used this protocol to characterize the proteomes of the worm gut, muscle, skin, and nervous system. Neurons are among the smallest C. elegans cells. To probe the method's sensitivity, we expressed TurboID exclusively in the two AFD neurons and showed that the protocol could identify known and previously unknown proteins expressed selectively in AFD. The active zones of synapses are composed of a protein matrix that is difficult to solubilize and purify. To test if our protocol could solubilize active zone proteins, we knocked TurboID into the endogenous elks-1 gene, which encodes a presynaptic active zone protein. We identified many known ELKS-1-interacting active zone proteins, as well as previously uncharacterized synaptic proteins. Versatile vectors and the inherent advantages of using C. elegans, including fast growth and the ability to rapidly make and functionally test knock-ins, make proximity labeling a valuable addition to the armory of this model organism

Genomic alterations in low-grade, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas.

RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are.To extend our understanding of potential stepwise genetic alterations that may underlie tumor progression from low-grade astrocytomas to glioblastomas, histopathologic and comparative genomic hybridization analyses were performed on tumor specimens from 68 primary lesions, including 40 glioblastomas, 10 anaplastic and 18 low-grade astrocytomas. The number of aberrations per case increased towards the higher grade tumors (grade II: 1.66+/-1.49; grade III: 2.80+/-1.68; grade IV: 3.02+/-1.07; F=6.955, p=0.002). A gain of 7/7q was common and the most frequently seen aberration in low-grade astrocytomas, whereas loss of 10q was the most frequently seen anomaly in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. Chromosome 7p amplification was only detected in glioblastomas. Chromosome 10/10q deletion and combination of 1p, 19q and 17p deletions were specific to high-grade astrocytic tumors. Sequences of chromosome 7 and 10 seem to have pivotal roles in the biology of human gliomas. The genomic copy deletions of chromosomes 1p and 19q might provide an alternative mechanism in the genesis of astrocytomas

Food-derived sensory cues modulate longevity via distinct neuroendocrine insulin-like peptides

Environmental fluctuations influence organismal aging by affecting various regulatory systems. One such system involves sensory neurons, which affect life span in many species. However, how sensory neurons coordinate organismal aging in response to changes in environmental signals remains elusive. Here, we found that a subset of sensory neurons shortens Caenorhabditis elegans' life span by differentially regulating the expression of a specific insulin-like peptide (ILP), INS-6. Notably, treatment with food-derived cues or optogenetic activation of sensory neurons significantly increases ins-6 expression and decreases life span. INS-6 in turn relays the longevity signals to nonneuronal tissues by decreasing the activity of the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. Together, our study delineates a mechanism through which environmental sensory cues regulate aging rates by modulating the activities of specific sensory neurons and ILPs.1186Ysciescopu

Inhibition of elongin C promotes longevity and protein homeostasis via HIF-1 in C.elegans.

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Diacetyl odor shortens longevity conferred by food deprivation in C. elegans via downregulation of DAF-16/FOXO

Dietary restriction extends lifespan in various organisms by reducing the levels of both nutrients and non-nutritional food-derived cues. However, the identity of specific food-derived chemical cues that alter lifespan remains unclear. Here, we identified several volatile attractants that decreased the longevity on food deprivation, a dietary restriction regimen in Caenorhabditis elegans. In particular, we found that the odor of diacetyl decreased the activity of DAF-16/FOXO, a life-extending transcription factor acting downstream of insulin/IGF-1 signaling. We then demonstrated that the odor of lactic acid bacteria, which produce diacetyl, reduced the nuclear accumulation of DAF-16/FOXO. Unexpectedly, we showed that the odor of diacetyl decreased longevity independently of two established diacetyl receptors, ODR-10 and SRI-14, in sensory neurons. Thus, diacetyl, a food-derived odorant, may shorten food deprivation-induced longevity via decreasing the activity of DAF-16/FOXO through binding to unidentified receptors. © 2020 The Authors. Aging Cell published by the Anatomical Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.1

Studies on the regulation of lifespan by sensory neurons and FOXO in C. elegans

DoctorInhibition of a small subset of sensory neurons can increase the lifespan of a whole organism, including C. elegans and Drosophila. Perturbation of sensory neurons prolongs the lifespan of C. elegans by activating DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor, a key transcription factor in insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway. How sensory neurons transmit longevity signals to other body parts remains elusive. Here, we show that two insulin-like peptides (ILPs), INS-6 and DAF-28, are sensory neuro-endocrine factors that relay longevity signals among tissues. We first established that mutations in tax-2 and tax-4, subunits of a cyclic GMP-gated channel required for sensory neural functions, promote the longevity of C. elegans at low temperatures. We found that the sensory tax-2 or tax-4 mutations promoted longevity by activating DAF-16/FOXO in multiple tissues, including neurons, hypodermis and intestine. This result indicates that sensory neurons affect DAF-16/FOXO activity in non-neuronal tissues through a tissue-to-tissue signaling. Considering potential roles of ILPs in endocrine signaling, we determined the expression of 33 C. elegans ILP genes. We found that down-regulation of two ILP genes, daf-28 and ins-6, mediated the longevity of sensory mutants. Further, daf-28 and ins-6 regulated the activity of DAF-16/FOXO in multiple tissues of tax-4 mutants. We also showed that ins-6 mediated the sensory longevity response by acting in two specific sensory neurons, ASI and ASJ. Moreover, optogenetic activation of either ASI or ASJ neurons modulates the expression of ins-6 and DAF-16/FOXO activity, which leads to a lifespan change in food-deprived conditions. Finally, we identified food signals as sensory cues that regulated the ILP expression. Cell-free E. coli supernatants, which acted as sensory food cues, increased ins-6 mRNA levels and caused cytosolic translocation of DAF-16/FOXO in food-deprived animals. Thus, food cues appear to regulate ILPs in sensory neurons, which relay the longevity signals to non-neuronal tissues by regulating the activity of DAF-16/FOXO. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how neuronal processing of environmental sensory cues coordinates longevity signals among various tissues by modulating the function of specific sensory neurons and ILPs.감각 뉴런들 중의 일부를 억제하는 것은 C. elegans와 Drosophila와 같은 개체의 수명을 증가시킬 수 있다. C. elegans에서, 감각 뉴런들을 교란시키는 것은 insulin/IGF-1 신호 전달 경로(insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, IIS)의 핵심 전사 인자인 DAF-16/FOXO를 활성화시킴으로써 수명을 연장한다. 하지만 어떻게 감각 뉴런들이 신체의 다른 부분에 장수 신호를 전달하는지는 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서 우리는 두 인슐린 유사 펩타이드(insulin-like peptides, ILPs)인 INS-6와 DAF-28이 조직간 장수 신호를 전달하는 신경 내분비 인자(neuro-endocrine factor)임을 밝혔다. 첫째로, 우리는 감각 뉴런의 기능에 필요한 cyclic GMP-gated channel의 소단위체인 tax-2와 tax-4의 돌연변이가 낮은 온도에서 C. elegans의 장수를 유도한다는 사실을 확립하였다. 우리는 tax-2나 tax-4의 돌연변이가 뉴런, 피하조직(hypodermis), 그리고 창자(intestine)를 포함한 다수 조직들의 DAF-16/FOXO를 활성화함으로써 장수를 유도한다는 것을 발견하였다. 이러한 결과는 감각 뉴런이 조직간 신호전달을 통해 비 뉴런 조직의 DAF-16/FOXO 활성에 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다. 인슐린 유사 단백질(ILPs)이 내분비 신호전달에서 잠재적인 역할을 수행할 수 있다는 점을 고려하여 우리는 C. elegans의 33개 ILP 유전자들의 발현을 확인하였다. 우리는 daf-28과 ins-6 두 ILP 유전자의 발현 감소가 감각 돌연변이의 장수를 매개함을 알아내었다. 우리는 ins-6가 ASI와 ASJ 두 특정 감각 뉴런에서 작용하여, 감각 장수 반응을 매개한다는 것을 또한 보여주었다. 게다가, ASI나 ASJ 뉴런을 광유전적으로 활성화한 경우, ins-6의 발현과 DAF-16/FOXO의 활성이 조절되어 음식이 없는 조건에서 수명이 변화하였다. 마지막으로, 우리는 ILP 발현을 조절하는 감각 자극이 음식 자극 (food signals)임을 밝혔다. 감각적 음식 자극으로써 cell-free E.coli 상청액이 음식이 없는 조건에서 ins-6의 mRNA 양을 증가시켰고, DAF-16/FOXO의 세포질로의 위치변화를 야기했다. 따라서 음식 자극이 감각 뉴런에서 ILPs를 조절하고, 이것이 비 감각 조직으로의 장수 신호 전달을 DAF-16/FOXO의 활성을 조절함으로써 달성하는 것으로 보인다. 우리의 연구는 어떻게 뉴런에서의 환경적 감각 신호 처리가 특정 감각 뉴런의 기능과 ILPs를 조절함으로써 다양한 조직들 간의 장수 신호를 조정하는지에 대한 기작론적인 통찰을 제공한다