The association between age at first calving and survival of first lactation heifers within dairy herds

The objective of this research was to evaluate the survival rate of primiparous heifers within a large sample of herds across the UK and specifically to assess the association between age at first calving (AFC) on their survival. Data from 437 herds was re-structured for analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and a multilevel logistic regression model used to explore factors associated with the risk of first lactation culling. Potential explanatory variables included AFC, herd size, culling rate within the whole herd, calving season, herd mean 305d yield and herd mean calving interval. The mean within-herd culling rate for the primiparous heifers was 15.9%. The mean within-herd AFC was 29.6 months, with 35.9% of heifers having an AFC greater than 30 months of age. Multivariable analysis revealed a negative association between survival rate of primiparous heifers and increasing AFC, and also associations with herd culling rate in older cows and calving season. This study highlights the importance of AFC for survival of primiparous heifers, as well the need to address heifer wastage in herds with high culling rates

Toxicological assessments of Gulf War veterans

Concerns about unexplained illnesses among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War appeared soon after that conflict ended. Many environmental causes have been suggested, including possible exposure to depleted uranium munitions, vaccines and other drugs used to protect troops, deliberate or accidental exposure to chemical warfare agents and pesticides and smoke from oil-well fires. To help resolve these issues, US and UK governments have sought independent expert scientific advice from prestigious, independent scientific and public health experts, including the US National Academies of Science and the UK Royal Society and Medical Research Council. Their authoritative and independent scientific and medical reviews shed light on a wide range of Gulf War environmental hazards. However, they have added little to our understanding of Gulf War veterans' illnesses, because identified health effects have been previously well characterized, primarily in the occupational health literature. This effort has not identified any new health effects or unique syndromes associated with the evaluated environmental hazards. Nor do their findings provide an explanation for significant amounts of illnesses among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War. Nevertheless, these independent and highly credible scientific reviews have proven to be an effective means for evaluating potential health effects from deployment-related environmental hazards

Estimation of indoor radon and thoron in dwellings of Palakkad, Kerala, India using solid state nuclear track detectors

Radon, thoron and their short lived progenies have a significant contribution to natural background radiation. Long term exposure of such radiation increases the probability of occurrence of cancer at low to moderate levels. The present study covers 25 dwellings in Pirayiri region of the Palakkad district, Kerala, India, using twin cup based dosimeter. The data analysis shows that geometric mean of radon gas concentration (25.52 Bqm−3) and thoron concentration (14.58 Bqm−3) are slightly higher than the nation wide average value. However, the radon gas concentration range is within the limit of UNSCEAR East Asian values. Annual Effective Inhalation Dose limit is less than the action level limit (3 mSv/y), recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)