Distribution of sources of whole grain intake among 555 adolescents aged 13–1 years who were whole grain consumers.

<p>The major food source of whole grain intake was ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (56.9%), followed by hot cereal (24.6%), biscuits (10.9%), bread (4.9%), others (2.0%), rice (0.5%) and pasta/noodle (0.2%).</p

Sampling procedure.

<p>^†States included in each of the regions: Northern–Perlis, Kedah, Penang & Perak; Southern–Negeri Sembilan, Malacca & Johor; Central–Selangor, WP Kuala Lumpur & Putrajaya; East Coast–Kelantan, Pahang & Terengganu; East Malaysia–Sabah & Sarawak.</p

Whole grain intakes (g/day) among Malaysian adolescents by socio-demographics.

<p>NS: no significant difference; RM: Ringgit Malaysia</p><p>^a,b,c different alphabets denote significant difference (Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test)</p><p>^d comparison of whole grain consumer distribution by socio-demographic background (chi-square)</p><p>^e comparison of whole grain mean intake by socio-demographic background (Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test)</p><p>* Respondents’ fathers from total sample (n = 28) and whole grain consumers (n = 8) had no formal education, and due to the small sample size for analyses, they are included in the primary education group</p><p>For total sample: 192 missing data for monthly income variable; 293 missing data for father’s education level variable</p><p>For whole grain consumers: 54 missing data for monthly income variable; 58 missing data for father’s education level variable</p><p>Whole grain intakes (g/day) among Malaysian adolescents by socio-demographics.</p

Whole grain intakes (g/day) among Malaysian children by socio-demographics.

<p>NS: no significant difference; RM: Ringgit Malaysia</p><p>^a,b,c different alphabets denote significant difference (Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test)</p><p>^e comparison of whole grain consumer distribution by socio-demographic background (chi-square)</p><p>^f comparison of whole grain mean intake by socio-demographic background (Kruskal Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U test)</p><p>*Respondents’ fathers from total sample (n = 48) and whole grain consumers (n = 7) had no formal education, and due to the small sample size for analyses, they are included in the primary education group</p><p>For total sample, 140 missing data for monthly income variable; 280 missing data for father’s education level variable</p><p>For whole grain consumers, 182 missing data for monthly income variable; 74 missing data for father’s education level variable</p><p>Whole grain intakes (g/day) among Malaysian children by socio-demographics.</p

Distribution of types of whole grains consumed by a sample of 1,286 Malaysian children aged 6–12 years and 555 adolescents aged 13–17 years who were whole grain consumers.

<p>The main contributor was wheat (77.7%), followed by oats (13.7%), maize/ corn (7.4%) and rice (1.2%).</p