Asociación de Productores Ecológicos de la Región Cajamarca

Somos una organización que agrupa a pequeños productores, transformadores y comercializadores de productos ecológicos de las diferentes provincias de la región Cajamarca. La APER Cajamarca es base regional y fundadora de Asociación Nacional de Productores Ecológicos del Perú (ANPE Perú), iniciativa de un conjunto de organizaciones de productores ecológicos organizados con la finalidad de unir esfuerzos en torno a una propuesta de desarrollo nacional basada en la agroecología

Financial barriers to development of renewable and green energy projects in Asia

The expansion of green renewable energy has been very limited in all the Asian countries, despite their various differences. The contributing factors are numerous, but, the financial factor has been the single major factor determining whether or not a country opts for such energy. This is notwithstanding awareness about the unsustainability of fossil energy-dominated energy mixes, both for environmental and economic reasons. The main culprit is Asia's bank-dominated financial system with its underdeveloped capital market, which leaves Asian banks as the major source of funding for green renewable energy projects. Considering these projects as very risky with low rate of return on their invested capital, their reluctance to finance them has been the major barrier to the expansion of green renewable energy in Asia. Addressing the financing challenge is both possible and necessary to remove the barrier to green energy expansion in Asia

Total-Factor Energy Efficiency and Productivity of ECOWAS States: A Slacks-Based Measure with Undesirable Outputs

Sub-Saharan Africa consumes far less energy per capita than world energy use per capita, yet energy efficiency is far lower in Africa. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has been active in developing an energy efficiency policy aiming to improve efficiency levels in the region to be comparable to world levels. However, benchmarks used for the policy are based on traditional efficiency and intensity ratios. We examine the energy efficiency and energy productivity changes of ECOWAS members using nonparametric non-radial efficiency and dynamic productivity assessment techniques that take into consideration undesirable outputs. We find differences in the nature and levels of energy efficiency and sources of inefficiency among member states. We also observe that the major source of energy productivity growth in the region mainly relates to technical changes outside direct state control. There is a need for institutionalization of energy efficiency in the region by considering country-specific policies.</p