Dos nuevas especies de pterópodos gimnosomados del Golfo de California (Gymnosomata: Pneumodermatidae)

Two new species of gymnosomatous mollusks from the central portion of the Gulf of California, Mexico are described based on radular characteristics. Pneumoderma cicimarensis sp. nov., has a similar morphology to Pneumoderma atlanticum pacificum (Oken, 1815), but differs in the presence of one lobe on the median portion of the wing, a lack of chromatophores in the body and the shape of the radular teeth. The second species Pneumodermopsis tacoi sp.nov., has a similar radula to Pneumodermopsis ciliata (Gegenbaur, 1855) but differs significantly in the number of rows of the radula and the shape of the central tooth.Se describen dos nuevas especies de moluscos gymnosomatous procedentes de la porción media del Golfo de California, basados en características de la rádula. Pneumoderma cicimarensis sp. nov., presenta una morfología similar a Pneumoderma atlanticum pacificum (Oken, 1815), pero difiere en la presencia de un lóbulo en la porción media del ala, la usencia de cromatóforos en el cuerpo y en la forma de la rádula. La segunda especie Pneumodermopsis tacoi sp. nov., presenta una rádula similar a Pneumodermopsis ciliata (Gegenbaur, 1855), pero difiere considerablemente en el número de filas en la rádula y en la forma del diente central. &nbsp

Interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells confer protection against severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections

Cytokine-activated neutrophils are known to be essential for protection against group A Streptococcus infections. However, during severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections that are accompanied by neutropenia, it remains unclear which factors are protective against such infections, and which cell population is the source of them. Here we show that mice infected with severe invasive group A Streptococcus isolates, but not with non-invasive group A Streptococcus isolates, exhibit high concentrations of plasma interferon-γ during the early stage of infection. Interferon-γ is necessary to protect mice, and is produced by a novel population of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent immature myeloid cells with ring-shaped nuclei. These interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells express monocyte and granulocyte markers, and also produce nitric oxide. The adoptive transfer of interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells ameliorates infection in wild-type and interferon-γ-deficient mice. Our results indicate that interferon-γ-producing immature myeloid cells have a protective role during the early stage of severe invasive group A Streptococcus infections

A review of the ecology, palaeontology and distribution of atlantid heteropods (Caenogastropoda: Pterotracheoidea: Atlantidae)

Fewer than 1% of marine gastropod species live a holoplanktic life. Of these, the shelled heteropods of the family Atlantidae are among the most poorly understood. The atlantids potentially make up an important part of the ocean zooplankton, composing up to 69% of shelled holoplanktic gastropods in the Late Pleistocene to Recent fossil record. They are also likely to be at high risk from current and future global changes, including anthropogenic ocean acidification. However, due to their small size (<12 mm), difficulty of sampling and complicated morphology, we still lack key information about atlantid taxonomy and ecology. This makes it difficult to understand how important they are in the ocean foodweb and how they will be affected by environmental change. Although many studies have been carried out on the atlantids, these have generally been broad and unconnected. Here, we draw together this previous research, summarizing what is currently known about atlantid taxonomy, palaeontology, ecology and biogeography, and aiming to provide a foundation for future research on this group. The data indicate complex behaviours involving seasonal and vertical migration, and demonstrate extended geographical ranges, with implications for understanding the role of atlantids in the ocean foodweb and their sensitivity to environmental changes. This review highlights the urgent need for further taxonomic research on the atlantids, including molecular analysis, and for improved sampling techniques

Biogeography and genetic diversity of the atlantid heteropods.

The atlantid heteropods are regularly encountered, but rarely studied marine planktonic gastropods. Relying on a small (<14 mm), delicate aragonite shell and living in the upper ocean means that, in common with pteropods, atlantids are likely to be affected by imminent ocean changes. Variable shell morphology and widespread distributions indicate that the family is more diverse than the 23 currently known species. Uncovering this diversity is fundamental to determining the distribution of atlantids and to understanding their environmental tolerances. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of all described species of the family Atlantidae using 437 new and 52 previously published cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial DNA (mtCO1) sequences. Specimens and published sequences were gathered from 32 Atlantic Ocean stations, 14 Indian Ocean stations and 21 Pacific Ocean stations between 35°N and 43°S. DNA barcoding and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) proved to be valuable tools for the identification of described atlantid species, and also revealed ten additional distinct clades, suggesting that the diversity within this family has been underestimated. Only two of these clades displayed obvious morphological characteristics, demonstrating that much of the newly discovered diversity is hidden from morphology-based identification techniques. Investigation of six large atlantid collections demonstrated that 61% of previously described (morpho) species have a circumglobal distribution. Of the remaining 39%, two species were restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, five occurred in the Indian and Pacific oceans, one species was only found in the northeast Pacific Ocean, and one occurred only in the Southern Subtropical Convergence Zone. Molecular analysis showed that seven of the species with wide distributions were comprised of two or more clades that occupied distinct oceanographic regions. These distributions may suggest narrower environmental tolerances than the described morphospecies. Results provide an updated biogeography and mtCO1 reference dataset of the Atlantidae that may be used to identify atlantid species and provide a first step in understanding their evolutionary history and accurate distribution, encouraging the inclusion of this family in future plankton research

A new species of Cuthona Alder & Hancock, 1855, from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia: Tergipedidae)

Volume: 46Start Page: 179End Page: 18

Taxocenosis de moluscos haloplanctónicos (mollusca: gastropoda) y su relación biogeográfica en el Golfo de California.

Impreso y PD

Variación espacio-temporal de las poblaciones de opistobranquios (Mollusca Opistobranchia) en tres localidades de B.C.S., México.

impreso y digita