98 research outputs found
Random Walk Theory and Exchange Rate Dynamics in Transition Economies
This paper investigates the validity of the random walk theory in the Euro-Serbian dinar exchange rate market. We apply Andrew Lo and Archie MacKinlayās (1988) conventional variance ratio test and Jonathan Wrightās (2000) non-parametric ranks and signs based variance ratio tests to the daily Euro/Serbian dinar exchange rate returns using the data from January 2005 - December 2008. Both types of variance ratio tests overwhelmingly reject the random walk hypothesis over the data span. To assess the robustness of our findings, we examine the forecasting performance of a non-linear, nonparametric model in the spirit of Francis Diebold and James Nason (1990) and find that it is able to significantly improve upon the random walk model, thus confirming the existence of foreign exchange market imperfections in a small transition economy such as Serbia. In the last part of the paper, we conduct a comparative study on how our results relate to those of other transition economies in the region.Random walk, Forecasting, Exchange rates, Transition economies, Market efficiency, Artificial neural networks
THE APPLICATION OF THE MOST FAVORED NATION CLAUSE TO THE PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS OF BILATERAL INVESTMENT TREATIES: POSSIBILITIES FOR ESTABLISHING ICSID JURISDICTION FOR RESOLVING INVESTMENT DISPUTES
This article explores problems related to establishing the ICSID jurisdiction to the BITs dispute settlement provisions by application of the MFN clause. Being that the application of the clause asks for very extensive interpretation of the BIT which contains this clause, the practice of ICSID tribunals in this field has been very much debated in professional and academic circles. Not only has it raised concerns about stability, predictability and legal certainty in international investment law but, more importantly, about its further development in respect of arbitratorsā powers. The article analyzes three representative cases in which ICSID tribunals made decisions on jurisdiction based on the usage of the MFN clause: Maffezini, Plama and Salini. On the basis of this analysis, certain guidelines are proposed that might be applied in future disputes brought before ICSID tribunals. These guidelines are in compliance with modern tendencies in international scene, which should be considered as the indicators of the direction for further development of this particular area of law. Key words:Ā MFN clause, investment disputes, ICSID jurisdiction
The State of International Humanitarian Law as a Consequence of the History of South Slavsā Nation-Building Processes
South Slavs have been repeatedly used as precedents for international humanitarian
law and consequently have affected global developments: from the international
concern over positions of Christians in Bosnia-Herzegovina in the
1870s that led to the peaceful replacement of imperial rule to the late 20th century
in the NATO intervention against Serbia and Montenegro over Kosovo
Albanians, which led to the creation of the newest nation-state in Europe. In
addition to internal factors, the very creation of the common South Slav state
was a result of international interventions, as was the dissolution of the country.
The League of Nations ruling in favour of the Yugoslav complaint against
Hungary in 1934 aided in developing the UN Security Council resolutions
against Afghanistan in September 2001. Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1995 was a
precedent for the UN sanctioned intervention, while Kosovo was a precedent
for the non-sanctioned American-led intervention. Afghanistan, East Timor,
Iraq, Libya are all legal consequences of interventions in the Balkans. Therefore,
local history of interventions can lead to a general understanding of the
development of international humanitarian law
LāĆ©mergence de la sociĆ©tĆ© civile dans la Bosnie-HerzĆ©govine de dāavant-guerre
Le premier objet de ce papier est de dĆ©terminer quelles sont les idĆ©es et les organisations qui auraient pu conduire Ć la formation dāune sociĆ©tĆ© civile en Bosnie-HerzĆ©govine. Une autre tĆ¢che est dāidentifier lāorigine rĆ©elle de ces idĆ©es. De mĆŖme que la dĆ©finition du terme āsociĆ©tĆ© civileā a Ć©tĆ© depuis longtemps lāobjet de discussions, ses racines peuvent ĆŖtre, dans le cas bosniaque, lāobjet dāune discussion similaire. Dans les annĆ©es 1980, la crise de lāĆ©conomie et du systĆØme politique youg..
Zastupljenost puÅ”enja i puÅ”aÄke navike uÄenika dobi 13 do 15 godina u Crnoj Gori: rezultati globalnog istraživanja o potroÅ”nji duhana kod mladih (GYTS) 2008.
The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is an international study that provides data on youth tobacco use for development of tobacco control programs. It is a school-based survey that uses a standardised methodology for sampling, core questionnaire items, training protocol, fi eld procedures, and data management.
This article reports the fi ndings from a GYTS conducted in Montenegro in 2008, which included 5723 adolescents. More than 30 % of students aged 13 to 15 tried smoking, 5.1 % smoked cigarettes, and 3.6 % of students used tobacco products other than cigarettes. Four in 10 ever smokers started to smoke before the age of 10. More than half the students reported secondary smoke exposure at home. Almost all (96.5 %) current smokers bought cigarettes in a store. Two in 10 students owned an artifact with a cigarette or tobacco brand logo on it.
The GYTS study has shown that there is an urgent need to introduce effective child-oriented smoking prevention programmes in early elementary school classes. These should be accompanied by public
awareness campaigns on smoke-free homes.Globalno istraživanje o potroÅ”nji duhana kod mladih (GYTS) meÄunarodna je studija koja pruža podatke o puÅ”aÄkim navikama mladih i omoguÄava razvijanje programa Äiji je cilj kontrola duhana. U ovom radu dati su rezultati istraživanja GYTS koje je provedeno 2008. godine u Crnoj Gori.
Istraživanje GYTS provodi se u Å”kolama pri Äemu je standardizirana metodologija za formiranje uzorka, upitnik, prikupljanje i obrada podataka. Ukupno su 5723 uÄenika sudjelovala u istraživanju.
ViÅ”e od 30 % uÄenika dobi 13 do 15 godina eksperimentiralo je cigaretama. U ovoj populaciji ima 5.1 % stalnih puÅ”aÄa cigareta, dok 3.6 % uÄenika koristi neke druge duhanske proizvode. Äetiri od 10 puÅ”aÄa poÄela su puÅ”iti prije desete godine života. ViÅ”e od pola ispitanika odgovorilo je da su izloženi duhanskom
dimu u svojoj kuÄi. Gotovo svi puÅ”aÄi (96.5 %) najÄeÅ”Äe kupuju cigarete u prodavaonicama. Dva od 10 ispitanika imaju neki predmet s logom proizvoÄaÄa cigareta.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je potrebno hitno pokrenuti preventivne programe kontrole duhana u nižim razredima osnovne Å”kole. TakoÄer, potrebno je osmisliti i implementirati kampanje Äiji je cilj podizanje svijesti graÄana o Å”tetnosti puÅ”enja u zatvorenom prostoru
Implementacija ERAS protokola za carski rez
In the past few decades, many changes have been noticed in all medical
branches, especially in surgery. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a completely new
approach, with the main goal to change the period of patientās recovery, making perioperative time
easier and shorter. The patientās recovery is faster, better and the patientās satisfaction is bigger. Patients
have an active role in their own recovery, which results in faster return to work and everyday activities.
Hospital Length of Stay (LOS) is shorter and associated with concomitant financial savings.
After ERAS protocol had been implemented in colorectal, abdominal surgery, urology orthopedic
and oncology, and finally in obstetrics for cesarean section as well. This protocol has mostly been used
in developed countries, but not in all hospitals. Creation and implementation of ERAS protocol is
hard work, which includes multidisciplinary team work and especially a team leader, who coordinates
the medical team, the patient and hospital management. Conclusion: Creation of an ERAS protocol is
very serious and long- lasting work. It is multidisciplinary and it usually has to be individually tailored
for each institution itself in coordination with the health care system and with the final implementation
in the medical system.U posljednjih nekoliko desetljeÄa doÅ”lo je do velikih promjena u svim granama medicine, a posebno u kirurgiji. Enhanced
Recovery After Operation (ERAS) potpuno je novi pristup, Äiji je glavni cilj skratiti vrijeme oporavka pacijenta, biti brži i
kvalitetniji, te uÄiniti pacijenta zadovoljnijim. Pacijent aktivno sudjeluje u svom oporavku, Å”to rezultira bržim povratkom na
posao i dnevnim aktivnostima. Duljina hospitalizacije je kraÄa, Å”to smanjuje troÅ”kove lijeÄenja.
ERAS je prvi put primijenjen u kolorektalnoj kirurgiji, urologiji, abdominalnoj kirurgiji, ortopediji i onkologiji, te konaÄno
u opstetriciji. ERAS protokoli se koriste uglavnom u razvijenim zemljama, no ne u svim bolnicama. Njegova izrada
i provedba težak je posao, koji zahtijeva multidisciplinarni pristup. Uvijek postoji voditelj tima, Äija je zadaÄa koordinacija
Älanova tima, pacijenata i uprave bolnice.
ZakljuÄak: kreiranje ERAS protokola je ozbiljan i dugotrajan proces.
Multidisciplinaran je i obiÄno se mora kreirati za svaku ustanovu posebno u koordinaciji sa sustavom zdravstvene zaÅ”tite
i konaÄnom implementacijom u zdravstveni sustav
Thermobaric Effects of Cast Composite Explosives of Different Charge Masses and Dimensions
The aim of this research was to determine the thermobaric effect of cast composite explosives, with different masses and dimensions of the chosen explosive charges. This was done by measuring the shock wave parameters in air (maximum overpressure and pressure impulse) and quantifying the thermal effect (temperature-time dependence), at different distances from the centre of the detonation. The chosen thermobaric explosive composition, TBE-3, was characterized. Its density, detonation velocity and viscosity-time dependence were determined. Experimental samples of different masses and calibres were prepared. The shock wave parameters in air were determined in field tests, by measuring the overpressure by piezo-electric pressure transducers. The detonation and the expansion of the explosion products were filmed by a TV high-speed camera, Phantom V9. An infrared (IR) camera FLIR SC7200 was used for recording the IR scene of the explosions and for tracking the thermal effects by a thermographic technique, i.e. thermal imaging. This work is an initial step towards establishing a method for the quantification of the thermal effects of a thermobaric detonation
Thermobaric Effects of Cast Composite Explosives of Different Charge Masses and Dimensions
The aim of this research was to determine the thermobaric effect of cast composite explosives, with different masses and dimensions of the chosen explosive charges. This was done by measuring the shock wave parameters in air (maximum overpressure and pressure impulse) and quantifying the thermal effect (temperature-time dependence), at different distances from the centre of the detonation. The chosen thermobaric explosive composition, TBE-3, was characterized. Its density, detonation velocity and viscosity-time dependence were determined. Experimental samples of different masses and calibres were prepared. The shock wave parameters in air were determined in field tests, by measuring the overpressure by piezo-electric pressure transducers. The detonation and the expansion of the explosion products were filmed by a TV high-speed camera, Phantom V9. An infrared (IR) camera FLIR SC7200 was used for recording the IR scene of the explosions and for tracking the thermal effects by a thermographic technique, i.e. thermal imaging. This work is an initial step towards establishing a method for the quantification of the thermal effects of a thermobaric detonation
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