Accretion, Outflows, and Winds of Magnetized Stars

Many types of stars have strong magnetic fields that can dynamically influence the flow of circumstellar matter. In stars with accretion disks, the stellar magnetic field can truncate the inner disk and determine the paths that matter can take to flow onto the star. These paths are different in stars with different magnetospheres and periods of rotation. External field lines of the magnetosphere may inflate and produce favorable conditions for outflows from the disk-magnetosphere boundary. Outflows can be particularly strong in the propeller regime, wherein a star rotates more rapidly than the inner disk. Outflows may also form at the disk-magnetosphere boundary of slowly rotating stars, if the magnetosphere is compressed by the accreting matter. In isolated, strongly magnetized stars, the magnetic field can influence formation and/or propagation of stellar wind outflows. Winds from low-mass, solar-type stars may be either thermally or magnetically driven, while winds from massive, luminous O and B type stars are radiatively driven. In all of these cases, the magnetic field influences matter flow from the stars and determines many observational properties. In this chapter we review recent studies of accretion, outflows, and winds of magnetized stars with a focus on three main topics: (1) accretion onto magnetized stars; (2) outflows from the disk-magnetosphere boundary; and (3) winds from isolated massive magnetized stars. We show results obtained from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and, in a number of cases compare global simulations with observations.Comment: 60 pages, 44 figure

Desenvolvimento ponderal de bovinos de corte de diferentes grupos genéticos de Charolês x Nelore inteiros ou castrados aos oito meses Growth of beef cattle from different genetic groups of Charolais x Nellore intact or castrated at eight months

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar animais inteiros ou castrados aos oito meses, de diferentes sistemas de acasalamento (SA): de raça definida (D), cruzados da primeira (G1) e da segunda (G2) geração, e de diferentes grupos genéticos (GG) em cada SA, D: Charolês (C) vs Nelore (N), G1: ½CN vs ½NC e G2: ¾CN vs ¾NC, quanto ao desenvolvimento ponderal desde o nascimento até o abate. Foram utilizados 78 animais desmamados aos três meses, confinados dos 7 aos 12 meses (primeiro inverno/primavera), mantidos em pastagem natural (PN) dos 12 aos 20 meses (segundo verão/outono) e confinados dos 20 aos 24 meses (segundo inverno/primavera), quando foram abatidos. Foi observada heterose de 20,44% para G1 e 14,44% para G2 no peso aos 24 meses. Entre os definidos, o C foi mais pesado que o N em todas as idades avaliadas. Na G2, ocorreram diferenças em peso (P<0,05) nos três, oito e doze meses, sendo que os ¾CN atingiram maiores pesos. Animais inteiros apresentaram maior (P<0,05) ganho de peso médio diário (GMD) do que os castrados somente no primeiro período de confinamento. No GMD do nascimento ao abate, ocorreu heterose de 22,25% para G1 e 14,54% para G2. A G2 teve pior GMD no primeiro confinamento que os D e G1, entretanto, no verão e em PN a resposta foi inversa, sendo a G2 (311g) superior tanto aos D (111g) quanto à G1 (192g). Os animais da G1 apresentaram 75 e 22kg a mais no peso aos vinte e quatro meses do que os D e da G2, respectivamente. Também o GMD do nascimento ao abate foi 101 e 35g superior na G1 em relação aos D e G2, respectivamente. Entre GG não se verificaram diferenças no GMD do nascimento ao abate, mas foi verificado que os C tiveram maior GMD no primeiro confinamento (848 vs 586g), enquanto que em PN (verão/outono), os N foram superiores (168 vs 55g).<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of beef cattle intact or castrated at eight months, from different mating systems (MS): straightbreds (S), crossbreds of first (G1) and second (G2) generation, and of different genetic groups (GG) in each MS, S: Charolais (C) vs Nellore (N), G1: ½CN vs ½NC and G2: ¾CN vs ¾NC. Seventy-eight animals, weaned at three months, were submitted to feedlot from 7 to 12 months (first winter/spring), maintained in native pasture (NP) from 12 to 20 months (second summer/autumn), and finished in feedlot from 20 to 2 4 months (second winter/spring), when they were slaughtered. Heterosis of 20.44% for G1 and 14.44% for G2 was observed for weight at 24 months. The C was heavier than the N in all ages. In the G2, the ¾CN was heavier (P<.05) at three, eight and twelve months. Intact animals presented higher (P<.05) ADG than the castrated ones during the first feedlot period, but in NP no difference occurred between sexual condition. Heterosis for weight per day of age was 22.25% for G1 and 14.54% for G2. The G2 animals had lower ADG than the S and G1 during the first feedlot; however, in NP the response was inverse. The G2 (311g) showed higher ADG than the S (111g) and G1 (192g). Males of G1 were 75 and 22kg heavier at twenty-four months than S and G2, respectively. Also, ADG from birth to slaughter was 101 and 35g higher for G1 than for S and G2, respectively. For ADG from birth to slaugther no difference was observed between GG within mating system. However, during the first feedlot C showed higher ADG then the N (848 vs 586g), while during the summer/autumn in NP the N showed higher ADG (168 vs 55g)