Spatio-Temporal Tracking and Phylodynamics of an Urban Dengue 3 Outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil

The dengue virus has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of ∼10.700 nucleotides with a single open reading frame that encodes three structural (C, prM, and E) and seven nonstructural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) proteins. It possesses four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV 1–4). Many phylogenetic studies address particularities of the different serotypes using convenience samples that are not conducive to a spatio-temporal analysis in a single urban setting. We describe the pattern of spread of distinct lineages of DENV-3 circulating in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, during 2006. Blood samples from patients presenting dengue-like symptoms were collected for DENV testing. We performed M-N-PCR using primers based on NS5 for virus detection and identification. The fragments were purified from PCR mixtures and sequenced. The positive dengue cases were geo-coded. To type the sequenced samples, 52 reference sequences were aligned. The dataset generated was used for iterative phylogenetic reconstruction with the maximum likelihood criterion. The best demographic model, the rate of growth, rate of evolutionary change, and Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) were estimated. The basic reproductive rate during the epidemics was estimated. We obtained sequences from 82 patients among 174 blood samples. We were able to geo-code 46 sequences. The alignment generated a 399-nucleotide-long dataset with 134 taxa. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all samples were of DENV-3 and related to strains circulating on the isle of Martinique in 2000–2001. Sixty DENV-3 from São José do Rio Preto formed a monophyletic group (lineage 1), closely related to the remaining 22 isolates (lineage 2). We assumed that these lineages appeared before 2006 in different occasions. By transforming the inferred exponential growth rates into the basic reproductive rate, we obtained values for lineage 1 of R0 = 1.53 and values for lineage 2 of R0 = 1.13. Under the exponential model, TMRCA of lineage 1 dated 1 year and lineage 2 dated 3.4 years before the last sampling. The possibility of inferring the spatio-temporal dynamics from genetic data has been generally little explored, and it may shed light on DENV circulation. The use of both geographic and temporally structured phylogenetic data provided a detailed view on the spread of at least two dengue viral strains in a populated urban area

Sentidos associados à violência para idosos e profissionais Significados asociados con la violencia a las personas mayores y profesionales Meanings associated with violence for elderly and professionals

OBJETIVOS: Conhecer os sentidos associados à violência segundo os idosos e os profissionais. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa, realizada no serviço de curadoria do cidadão/delegacia especializada, na cidade de João Pessoa-PB, através de uma entrevista semiestruturada com 30 idosos e 4 profissionais que atendem o idoso vitimado. Os dados obtidos das entrevistas foram processados pelo programa informático Alceste 4.8. RESULTADOS: Os dados foram constituídos por um corpus correspondente a 34 entrevistas, com 86,87% de aproveitamento, apontando para duas grandes classes: sentidos atribuídos a violência pelos idosos; profissionais e impacto da violência na vida do idoso segundo os sujeitos entrevistados. CONCLUSÃO: Os maus-tratos e a negligência contra os idosos constituem um grave problema, ainda não diagnosticado em toda a sua extensão, sobretudo no âmbito familiar e institucional, merecendo, portanto, maior atenção de órgãos governamentais e não governamentais.<br>OBJETIVOS: conocer los sentidos asociados a la violencia según los ancianos y los profesionales. METODOLOGÍA: Se trata de una investigación exploratoria, utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, realizado con la tutela de la administración pública y especialista en la ciudad de João Pessoa- Paraíba con treinta ancianos y cuatro profesionales que asisten las víctimas de edad avanzada, que responde a una entrevista seme-estructurada. Los datos fueron procesados por el software Alceste 4.8. RESULTADOS: Los datos fueron creados por el corpus correspondiente a 34 entrevistas, con 86,87% de recuperación, apuntando a dos clases principales: los significados atribuidos a la violencia y los ancianos y el impacto profesional de la violencia en la vida a los ancianos de acuerdo a los entrevistados. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: las representaciones sociales acerca de las consecuencias de la violencia a los ancianos y su impacto frente al profesional sobre este tema indican que los estudios hasta ahora realizados en Brasil sobre la violencia considera este fenómeno un problema de salud pública. Los malos tratos y la desatención de los ancianos son un problema serio, aún no se diagnostica en toda su extensión, especialmente en el ámbito familiar e institucional, que merece, por lo tanto una mayor atención del gobierno y de organizaciones no gubernamentales.<br>OBJECTIVES: Apprehend the social representations of violence made by older people and professionals that serve the elderly at the complaints. METHODOLOGY: This is an exploratory research using a qualitative approach, conducted with the guardianship of the public service/office specialist in the city of João Pessoa- Paraíba, with thirty-four seniors who attend the elderly victim, who answered a semi-structured interview. Data were processed by Alceste 4.8 software. RESULTS: The data submitted to Alceste 4.8 software, was formed by a corpus corresponding to 34 units of text or Initial Context (ICU's), withdrew from the hierarchical analysis 105 words, equivalent to 86.87%, pointing to two major classes: meanings attributed to violence and the elderly and professional impact of violence on the lives of the elderly according to the subjects interviewed. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the social representations about the consequences of violence to the elderly and their impact on the professional front on this issue indicate that the studies so far carried out in Brazil on violence considers this phenomenon a public health problem. The ill-treatment and neglect against the elderly are a serious problem, not yet diagnosed in all its extension, especially in the family and institutional, deserving, therefore greater attention from government and non-governmental organizations