Biochemical Testing Revision For Identification Several Kinds of Bacteria

البكتيريا هي الجراثيم المسببة للأمراض التي تسبب مجموعة متنوعة من الأمراض لدى البشر ، تتراوح من الطفيفة إلى التي تهدد الحياة. مطلوب الاكتشاف المناسب للعامل البكتيري المسبب للمرض من أجل العلاج المناسب للمرضى المصابين بهذه الاضطرابات.           يتم تصنيف البكتيريا إلى مجموعتين: البكتيريا موجبة الجرام والبكتيريا سلبية الجرام. يحتوي كلا النوعين من البكتيريا على مجموعة متنوعة من السمات البيوكيميائية الموروثة التي تسمح لنا بتمييزها ، والتحقق من وجودها وغيابها ، وتحديد ما إذا كانت سالبة الجرام أو موجبة الجرام. نتيجة لذلك ، تركز المراجعة الحالية على وصف العديد من الاختبارات الكيميائية الحيوية في قطعة واحدة. الاسـتنـتاجات           يتم التعرف على البكتيريا موجبة الجرام باستخدام الاختبارات الكيميائية الحيوية مثل اختبار الكاتلاز ، واختبار تجلط الدم ، واختبار التحلل المائي للنشا ، واختبار النترات ، بينما يتم تحديد البكتيريا سالبة الجرام باستخدام الاختبارات الكيميائية الحيوية مثل اختبار أوكسيديز ، واختبار اليورياز ، واختبار إندول ، واختبار الكبريت ، و اختبار الميثيل الأحمر / voges-proskauer. تم إنشاء اختبار المؤشر التحليلي 20E للتمييز بين بكتيريا Enterbacteriacea سالبة الجرام والبكتيريا غير Enterbactriacea. تم أيضًا إنشاء ميكروبات موجبة الجرام مثل أنواع المكورات العنقودية وأنواع المكورات الدقيقة والكائنات الحية الأخرى ذات الصلة باستخدام طريقة API.Abstract:       Bacteria are pathogenic germs that cause a variety of diseases in humans, ranging from minor to life-threatening. Proper detection of the disease-causing bacterial agent is required for proper treatment of patients affected with these disorders. Bacteria are classified into two groups: Gram Positive Bacteria and Gram Negative Bacteria. Both types of bacteria have a variety of inherited biochemical traits that allow us to distinguish them, check for their presence and absence, and determine whether they are gram negative or gram positive. As a result, the current review focuses on describing many biochemical assays in a single piece. Conclusion           Gram positive bacteria are identified using biochemical tests such as the catalase test, coagulase test, starch hydrolysis test, and nitrate test, while Gram negative bacteria are identified using biochemical tests such as the oxidase test, urease test, indole test, sulfur test, and methyl red /voges-proskauer test. The analytical profile index test 20E was created to distinguish between Gram-negative Enterbacteriacea and non-Enterbactriacea bacteria. Gram-positive microbes such as Staphylococcus species, Micrococcus species, and other related organisms have also been generated using the API method

A Study of Visfatin Levels and Other Related Parameters in Sera of Iraqi Non Diabetic Male with Hyperlipidemia

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the levels of visfatin in sera of non-diabetic male with hyperlipidemia classified according to Frederickson classification  .At the same time to find the correlation of visfatin with related parameters in the studied groups. The study included (22) healthy Iraqi male as control group (G1) and (62) non-diabetic male diagnosed with hyperlipidemia which divided into three groups as follows: group(2)consist of (20)male with hypercholesterolemia[Type I] ,group (3)consist of (20) male with hypertriglyceridemia [Type IIa] and group (4):consist of (22)male with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia [Type IIb] .The age of all studied groups ranged between (21-50) years and BMI with (19.8-24.3) Kg/m2 .Serum was used for determination of FBG, lipid profile(HDL,LDL,VLDL,TG) ,insulin ,CRP and visfatin .Whole  blood was used for determination of  HbA1C. The results revealed  no significant elevation in FBS and HbA1C levels were seen in patients groups when comparing to healthy control . The results indicates a significant elevation in TC and LDL in G2and G4 comparing to G1. Also, there are significant elevation in G3 comparing to G 2 and G4 comparing to G3,while no significant elevation was found in TC and VLDL in G3 with G1and G4 with G2.The results ,also, illustrated significant elevation in TG and VLDL in G3 and G4 when comparing to G1, and in G3,G4 comparing to G2 . No significant elevation was noticed in G2 comparing to G1and G4 comparing to G3 . HDL levels showed significant decrease in G2,G3 and G4 comparing to G1. No significant decrease seen in G3 and G4 comparing to G2 and in G4 comparing to G3.A high significant elevation in insulin and HOMA-IR levels in G2,G3 and G4 was found when comparing with G1 , while a significant elevation  was noticed in G3 and G4 when comparing with G2 and in G4 when comparing with G3. The  results, also ,showed significant increase  in CRP  and visfatin levels for  G2,G3 ,G4 when comparing to G1  and in G4 when comparing to G2 and  G3 . But no significant elevation was found in G3 when comparing to G2 .A significant positive correlation was found between visfatin levels and TC in G1,G2 and G4 while significant negative correlation was observed in G3 between visfatin and TC. A high significant positive correlation coefficients was found between visfatin and TG in four studied groups .The results , also, showed a significant negative correlation between visfatin levels and HDL for all studied groups .The results  illustrated significant positive correlation in visfatin levels with LDL in G1 and G4 while there are significant negative correlation in visfatin levels with LDL in G2 and G3. A significant negative correlation between visfatin and insulin ,HOMA-IR levels was noticed in all studied groups. The conclusion could be drown from this study that visfatin increased in  G4 more than other groups comparing to G1 . Also, there are significant correlation between visfatin levels with insulin , HOMA-IR and CRP levels. Keywords : visfatin , Insulin , CRP , Hyperlipoproteinemi

Assessment of pentosidine and TNF-α levels in Iraqi diabetic patients with retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common retinal vascular consequence of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a leading cause of vision problems in people of working age. DR is usually asymptomatic within the early stages. When left untreated, DR can cause significant vision loss and potentially lead to blindness. Classically, DR was thought to be a retinal microvascular disease. The treatment of DR remains challenging. This study designed as a case-control study. nineteen patients were involved in this study, divided into two groups (DR group that contain 45 patients, and control groups that contain 45 subject).  This study was conducted over a period 6 months' form October 2021 till April 2022. Sample collected form clinic of ophthalmology in   Imam Sadiq Hospital and Ophthalmology center in Hilla city. The particular side of the study was performed at the laboratory of the biochemistry department in college of medicine / Babylon university.This study including 100 subjects. This subjects were divided into two group, the first group includes 50 patients with diabetic retinopathy and the second group includes 50 apparently healthy peoples., the age ware ranged between (43-77) years