Antibacterial activity of organic acids and an aqueous lime-peel extract against selected foodborne pathogens

Food of animal origin contaminated with food-borne pathogens still concerns the public and food experts due to its harm toward public health. Using organic acids is one of the most important interventions for controlling the microbiological safety and quality of food and has been widely used. An increase of bacterial acid resistant species gave the motivation to find an alternative way to control foodborne pathogens in meat. Limited experimental studies have investigated the antibacterial activity of organic acids and an aqueous lime-peel extract combination on chicken meat against foodborne pathogens. The inhibitory effects of citric, propionic, acetic and lactic acid in combination with an aqueous lime-peel extract (Citrus aurantifolia) against foodborne pathogens and on the organoleptic properties of chicken meat were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an aqueous lime-peel extract was investigated using spectrophotometer (TECAN) at 30°C. The MIC of an aqueous lime-peel extract with lactic, citric, acetic and propionic acids in nutrient broth individually against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were 2 % w/v, 8 mmol/l, 5.5 mmol/l, 5 mmol/l and 5mmol/l respectively, while against E.coli K12 were 1.5 % w/v, 7 mmol/l, 4 mmol/l, 4 mmol/l and 4mmol/l respectively at 30°C. MIC of lactic acid combined with citric or acetic or propionic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 were 8 mmol/l - 4.5 mmol/l, 7 mmol/l - 4.5 mmol/l and 7.5 mmol/l - 4 mmol/l respectively. While, against E.coli K12 the MIC of lactic acid combined with citric or acetic or propionic acids were 7 mmol/l - 3 mmol/l, and 6.5 mmol/l - 3.5 mmol/l 6 mmol/l - 3.5 mmol/l respectively. Immersion treatment (10 minutes) of lactic acid combined with acetic acid (208 mmol/l - 96 mmol/l) was used against Salmonella on chicken meat showed a negligible effect at 30°C. A combination of an aqueous lime-peel extract and acetic acid (41.6 % w/v – 1.12 mmol/l) including 1% NaCl on chicken meat was able to significantly inhibit the growth of Salmonella after 9 hours. Applying a sensory evaluation experiment revealed that treating raw chicken meat with lime added a citrusy flavour and made chicken more palatable after cooking. In spite of the induction of virulence and acid tolerance genes of salmonellae which were grow in nutrient broth (pH 2.25) after been treated with an aqueous lime-peel extract and acetic acid combination, salmonellae did not survive more than 2.5 hours at pH 2.5. This study shows that combining both organic acids and an aqueous lime-peel extract on chicken meat can inhibit the bacterial growth of Salmonella and make it more palatable than an untreated sample (control)Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Ira

The Effect of Bio, Organic and Mineral Fertilizations on the Activity of the Urease, L-Glutaminase and L-Aspartase Enzymes in the Soil

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the application of various sources of fertilizers on the activity of urease, L-glutaminase, and L-aspartase enzymes in the rhizosphere and bulk soils. Pots experiment was carried out in the wire canopy in one of the fields affiliated to the Faculty of Agriculture - the University of Qadisiyah for the summer season 2018 in soil with a silty loam texture. Seeds of mung bean crops were cultivated of a local variety (Khedrawi). The treatments of the study were two levels of nitrogenous mineral fertilizer (urea) (M1 and M2) (20 and 40) kg.N.h-1, respectively, a single level of organic fertilizer (poultry waste) (10 tons h-1), a single level of bio-fertilizer with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria, the control, and their interactions. The experiment was carried out according to Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D) with six replications. Means were compared according to the (L.S.D) test at the probability level (α=0.05(. The efficiency of urase, L-clotamene, and L-aspartase in the soil of the root zoon and bulk soil were estimated for all study parameters 30 days after planting. These measurements were done once again for some characteristics of vegetative and root growth after 60 days of planting. The bio-fertilizer treatment (B) resulted in the highest increase in the efficiency of the urease enzyme and L-aspartase for 30 days of cultivation compared to the control treatment that recorded the least value of the enzyme activity average (45.22 and 42.54) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. These values were increased after 60 days of cultivation (45.34 and 43.16) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and bulk soils. This treatment achieves the highest increase in the activity of L-enzymes (25.89 and 24.72) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and beyond. It increased after 60 days of cultivation (26.23 and 25.06) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the region of the rhizosphere and bulk soils. The treatment of poultry wastes (O) resulted in the highest increase in the value of the activity of the L-clotamines enzyme in the rhizosphere and bulk soils for a period of 30 days from planting (43.47 and 57.39) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. Its activity values then increased after 60 days of cultivation, reaching (44.33 and 40.43) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The overlap treatment between poultry residues and biofertilizers (OB) achieved the highest increase in the activity value for the urase enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and distant soil for 30 days of cultivation (54.47, 46.84 and 28.28 µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere and (49.14, 37.81 and 23.94) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively. The activity of enzymes then increased after 60 days of cultivation (54.56, 47.69 and 28.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (49.23, 38.67 and 24.18) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The combination treatments between poultry residues, bio-fertilizer, and urea at level II (OBM2) achieved the highest increase in the activity values for urease enzyme, L-clotamines and L-aspartase in root zoon soil and bulk soil for 30 days of cultivation (58.46, 48.58 and 30.40) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively for the rhizosphere, and (54.13, 46.30 and 27.62) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the bulk soil. The activity of enzymes then increased 60 days after planting (58.55, 49.44 and 30.74) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, for the rhizosphere (54.22, 47.15 and 27.96) µg N-NH4+.g-1 soil.2h-1, respectively, outside the rhizosphere

Memory Forensics: Recovering Chat Messages and Encryption Master Key

© 2019 IEEE. In this pervasive digital world, we are witnessing an era where cybercriminals are improving their abilities in taking advantage of wide-spread digital devices to perform various malicious activities. By utilizing anti-forensic techniques, cybercriminals are able to erase or alter digital evidence that can otherwise be used against them in court. One of the most critical sources of digital evidence that forensic investigators examine is the physical memory of a digital device, i.e., Random Access Memory (RAM). RAM is a volatile memory containing data that might be of significant value to forensic investigation. RAM, which stores data about recent activities, stores data only when the device is powered on. Once the device powers off, all the data stored in the RAM is lost permanently. Forensic investigators find great value in RAM data and thus need to preserve such data without harming the integrity of the collected evidence. Many existing tools provide the ability to acquire and analyze images of the data stored in RAM. This paper tackles the fundamental topic of security, privacy, and digital forensics. Specifically, this paper examines memory dumps of 4GB Windows 7 computers with the objective of identifying an instant messaging tool and recovering its chat messages, and recovering master encryption keys of volumes encrypted by BitLocker and TrueCrypt. Throughout this paper, we utilize two widely-used tools, namely Volatility and WinHex, due to their various functionalities designed specifically for memory forensic investigation

Agro- Industrial Integration from an Accounting Perspective Study in General Company for Leather Industries/Baghdad

تعد الشركة العامة للصناعات الجلدية وحدة انتاجية اقتصادية تساهم في دعم الاقتصاد الوطني في مجال تصنيع الجلود الطبيعية واستغلالها بإنتاج الملابس والاحذية والحقائب اعتمادا على مبدا الحساب الاقتصادي وكفاءة استثمار الاموال العامة وفاعليتها في تحقيق اهداف الدولة ورفع مستويات الاداء للاقتصاد الوطني بما يحقق اهداف خطط التنمية  لذا هدف البحث الى تحديد المعوقات التي تواجه الشركة العامة للصناعات الجلدية /بغداد (عينة البحث) والتي تحول دون التكامل الزراعي الصناعي بفرعه الحيواني والتوجه نحو الجلود المستوردة لتحقيق اهدافها على الرغم من  وجود معامل دباغة في الشركة ذاتها وذلك من خلال اجراء مقارنة كلفوية للمنتج في حالة اعتمادها على الجلود المحلية وتطبيق التكامل الزراعي الصناعي  من جانب وفي حالة اذا كانت جلود مستوردة من جانب اخر ولأربعة موديلات من الاحذية الرجالية (7566,7639, ٦٧٣٠,7545) الواردة في سجلات الشركة في شهر تشرين الاول للعام 2014  ، ومن اهم ما توصل اليه البحث ان هنالك كثيرا من المعوقات التي تحول دون التكامل الزراعي الصناعي والتي تحتاج الى حلول حقيقية من الدولة وان تطبيقه لا يحقق اهداف الشركة من الارباح المخطط لها حتى وان كان على حساب الجودة .  The General Company for Leather Industries is an economic production unit that contributes to supporting the national economy in the field of manufacturing natural leather and exploiting it by producing clothes, shoes and bags based on the principle of economic account and efficiency of investing public funds and its effectiveness in achieving the objectives of the state and raising the performance levels of the national economy in order to achieve the goals of development plans, so the goal of the research is to identify the obstacles facing the General Company for Leather Industries / Baghdad (research sample) which transforms Without agricultural industrial integration with its animal branch and orientation towards imported leather to achieve its objectives despite the existence of tanning factories in the same company through a cost comparison of the product in case of dependence on local leather and application of agricultural industrial integration on the one hand and in case if the skins imported by another and four models of men's shoes (7566,7639, 6730,7545) contained in the company's records in October 2014, and one of the most important findings of the research is that there are many obstacles to agricultural industrial integration that need real solutions from the state and that its application does not achieve The company's objectives o

The Degree of Practicing Administrative Wisdom among High School principals at Na’our School District and its Relationship with the Morale level from the Teachers’ Perspectives

The study aimed to identify the degree of practicing administrative wisdom among high school principals at Na’our school district(Jordan), and its relationship with the morale level from the teachers\u27 Perspectives. The study population consisted of teachers among high schools at Na’our district, and their number reached (782) teachers. The sample consisted of (260) male and female teachers that was chosen by using a random method, and the study followed the correlational descriptive approach; also, the questionnaire was used as a tool for the study. The results of the study showed that the degree of practicing administrative wisdom among high school principals at Na’our school district from teachers Perspectives was high. Also, the results showed a positive correlation between the degree of practicing administrative wisdom among high school principals at Na’our school district, and the level of morale for teachers at the Na’our district. One of the most important recommendations of the study: The attention is to build relations between managers, and direct school principals to develop a perception of realities in future plans and develop links between school and communit

الميزة التنافسية في المدارس الخاصة األردنية

هدف المقال الكشف عن مستوى الميزة التنافسية في المدارس الخاصة في لواء الجامعة في محافظة العاصمة ع ّمان من وجهة نظر المعلمين. استخدمت البحث المنهج الوصفي االرتباطي، وتم اختيار عينة عشوائية بسيطة مكونة من 370 معلماً ومعلمة من مدارس التعليم الخاص في لواء الجامعة. وتم استخدام االستبانة كأداة للدراسة. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى الميزة التنافسية بأبعادها األربعة: الجودة، والموارد المادية، والموارد البشرية، واالستجابة لمتلقي بشك ٍل عام مرتفعة من وجهة نظر الخدمة التعليمية، المعلمين

القيادة اإلبداعية في المدراس الحكومية األردنية

هدف المقال التعرف إلى درجة ممارسة القيادة اإلبداعية في المدارس الحكومية في لواء ماركا بالعاصمة ع ّمان من وجهة نظر المعلمين، وقد تكونت عينة الدراسة من) 295( معل ًما ومعلمة تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية البسيطة من مجتمع الدراسة، واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي واالرتباطي. وتم استخدام االستبانة أداة للدراسة. وأظهرت النتائج أن درجة ممارسة القيادة اإلبداعية لدى مديري المدارس الحكومية في لواء ماركا بالعاصمة ع ّمان من وجهة نظر المعلمين كانت مرتفعة جاء مجال المبادرة بالمرتبة األولى بمتوسط حسابي)3.94(، وانحراف معياري )0.69(، وبدرجة ممارسة مرتفعة. في حين جاء بالمرتبة الثانية مجال المثابرة بمتوسط حسابي)3.91(، وانحراف معياري )0.66(، وبدرجة ممارسة مرتفعة. وتاله في المرتبة الثالثة مجال الحساسية للمشكالت بمتوسط حسابي)3.88(، وانحراف معياري )0.68(، وبدرجة ممارسة مرتفعة. وجاء في المرتبة الرابعة واألخيرة مجال األصالة بمتوسط حسابي )3.87(، وانحراف معياري )0.74(، وبدرجة ممارسة مرتفعة. وفي ضوء النتائج أوصت الدراسة بتكليف مديري المدارس بتقديم مبادرات وقائية إبداعية ومبتكرة وسهلة التطبيق، باإلضافة إلى تعميم الدروس المستفادة من األزمات السابقة وطريقة إدارتها على القيادات اإلدارية في الميدان التربوي

Stages of change, smoking behavior and acceptability of a textmessaging intervention for tobacco cessation among cigarette, dokha and shishasmokers: A qualitative research study

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. To explore: (A) the underlying motivators and barriers to smoking cessation among young Arabic speaking smokers and (B) to examine the suitability and preferences for tobacco cessation interventions (specifically text messages) and study the possibility of enrollment methods for a randomised controlled study using text messages as an intervention for tobacco cessation. Design Qualitative research using focus group discussions and content analysis. Setting(s) Two universities, one of them is the first and foremost comprehensive national university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The third setting is the largest hospital in the UAE and the flagship institution for the public health system in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Participants Six focus group discussions with a total of 57 participants. Forty-seven men and 10 women. Fifty-three of them were current smokers. Results The analysis of six focus groups was carried out. Main themes arose from the data included: preferences for tobacco cessation interventions and acceptability and feasibility of text messaging as tobacco cessation intervention. Different motives and barriers for quitting smoking including shisha and dokha were explored. Conclusion Interventions using text messaging for smoking cessation have not been used in the Middle East and they could potentially be effective; however, tailoring and closely examining the content and acceptability of text messages to be used is important before the conduction of trials involving their use. Social media is perceived to be more effective and influential, with a higher level of penetration into communities of young smokers

اليقظة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية األردنية

هدف المقال التعرف إلى درجة تحقق اليقظة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية األردنية في العاصمة ع ّمان في لواء القويسمة من وجهة نظر المعلمين. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة استخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، وتم إعداد استبانة لتحقيق هدف الدراسة، وتم تطبيقها على عينة عشوائية ممثلة تكونت من )407( معلمين ومعلمة في لواء القويسمة بالعاصمة ع ّمان. أظهرت النتائج ّ أن مستوى اليقظة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية من وجهة نظر المعلمين في العاصمة ع ّمان قد جاء ب ُمستوى ) ُمتوسط(، َّ وإن مجاالت اليقظة االستراتيجية جاءت جميعها متوسطة ا ، ثم ً وفق للترتيب التنازلي اآلتي: اليقظة البيئية أوالً اليقظة التنظيمية ثانيا،ً وفي المرتبة الثالثة اليقظة التنافسية ، أما المرتبة الرابعة واألخيرة فكانت اليقظة التكنولوجية . وفي ضوء نتائج الدراسة تم التوصل إلى مجموعة من التوصيات أهمها وضع مؤشرات لتقييم درجة تحقق اليقظة االستراتيجية في المدارس، وغرس ثقافة اليقظة االستراتيجية لدى مديري ومعلمي ومعلمات وزارة التربية والتعليم

الريادة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية األردنية

هدف المقال التعرف على درجة ممارسة مديري المدارس الحكومية للريادة االستراتجية في لواء ناعور في المملكة األردنية الهاشمية، تكّون مجتمع الدراسة من جميع معلمي ومعلمات المدارس الحكومية في لواء ناعور، البالغ عددهم )1412( معل ًما ومعلمة، وتكّونت عينة الدراسة العشوائية البسيطة الممثلة من )302( معل ًما ومعلمة، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، واستخدمت االستبانة أداة للدراسة، أظهرت النتائج أن تقديرات أفراد عينة الدراسة للريادة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية األردنية جاءت مرتفعة، حيث جاءت مجاالت الريادة االستراتيجية مرتبة ثم مجال تنازليا كاآلتي: مجال القيادة الريادية ، ً أوالً التفكير الريادي في المرتبة الثانية، فمجال الثقافة الريادية ، ثالثاً ورابعا في المرتبة األخيرة مجال إدارة ً الموارد ، استراتيجيا وجاءت جميعها بدرجة مرتفعة. من ً أبرز توصيات الدراسة: االستمرارية في المحافظة على درجة الريادة االستراتيجية في المدارس الحكومية لما لها من أثر إيجابي في رفع كفاءة الميدان التربوي. واالهتمام في بناء العالقات اإليجابية بين المديرين والمعلمين ومشاركتهم في عملية اتخاذ القرار، والثناء عليهم وتعزيزهم من خالل شهادات التقدير، وكتب الشكر