Per Capita (PC) versus Per Adult Human Unit Method (PAHUM): A Net Assessment of EU28-Population, Family/Household, Food Consumption and Environmental Impact

Communication of Lisbon Strategy sets out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption (including food), better environmental protection, correct population and production evaluations by using appropriate and more meaningful methods. It lays ahead as one of the key challenges for EU28-PC, Adult Equivalent (AE) and conjoint evaluations and implementation are not sufficiently dynamic and forward-looking to drive the performance of methods upwards. Those evaluations do not serve the above purpose. On PC, AE method use overall, voluntary and regulatory instruments are not sufficiently connected and potential synergies among the different instruments are not exploited. Divergent national, international approaches send conflicting signals to producers and consumers. As a result, the full potential of the internal food market of EU28 and its impact on environment are not realized and evaluated on properly identified UNIT basis. Misidentified UNIT for measurement would not give correct results and if one installs his correct assumptions on the wrong unit, the falls results will start following each other. The developed PAHUM-(Copy-right©1989) and policy approach may integrate the potential of the different policy instruments, helping implement them (gender, age, structure and household size) to food consumption and environmental issues

Investigation of the Effects of Some Herbal Extracts Used in Different Ratios on Meat Fatty Acid Profile Level in Experimental Heat Stress Created in Broilers

Stress is the biological or external alteration of the organism against the factors that make it possible to achieve hemostasis or normal physiological balance. In our world, temperature increase due to climate change has become one of the most important stress factors in poultry sector. This research investigated the effects of essential oil mixture (EOM; Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon nardus, and Syzygium aromaticum) broilers adding to the drinking water under heat stress conditions. The fatty acid profile was evaluated. In a 42-day study, 400 Ross-308 male chickens (1-day-old) were randomly assigned to eight different groups (n = 50), each containing five subgroups (n = 10). As a result of the research, in stress-free groups 22°C rations of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6t), and Cis 11 eicosapentaenoic acid (C 20: 1n9) increased, whereas MUFA, UFA, and behenic acid (C22:0) reduced. However, in stressed groups, 36°C rations of myristic acid (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and arachidonic acid (C20:0) decreased, increased the UFA ratio, and had no effect on the MUFA and PUFA

Determining the Factors Affecting Farmers’ Decision on Organic Livestock

In this study, the objective was to determine the factors affecting farmers’ decisions on organic livestock. Within this scope, the Gümüşhane province, in which one of the major organic livestock projects has been carried out, was taken into the focus of attention for this study. The data of the study was obtained from 134 surveys based on census and focusing on farmers doing conventional animal breeding and possessing 25 or more cattle. The data obtained were used in predicting the Logit Model. In the model, it was determined that the inclination to transition to organic animal breeding in institutions where the rate of benefiting from animal breeding supports and the rate of meeting forage requirements from their own are high and besides where the rate of using industrial feed is low. As a result, it was recommended that the government support for forage crops, which are already within the current support policies, should be increased on yearly basis. This will have a positive effect on the decision of the farmers to choose organic livestock. This support is also important in terms of carrying out livestock activities in more profitable and technical way

Comparison of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions*

The objective of study was conducted on to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. 30 newborn Holstein Friesian calves (15 rose under organic and 15 under conventional conditions) in two dairy cattle farms. Blood samples were taken from 30 newborn calves at birth (before taking colostrum) and on 14th day to compare immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations in calves raised under organic and conventional conditions. Furthermore, blood and colostrum samples were also taken from the mothers included into the study. IgG and IgM concentrations in colostrum and blood serums were determined using commercial ELISA kits. IgG concentrations at birth (0.79±0.34, 1.64±0.95 mg/mL) and on the 14th day (46.5±21.5, 70.5±27.8 mg/mL) in calves raised under organic conditions were lower than those raised under conventional conditions (p0.05). No difference was found in the IgG and IgM concentrations of colostrum obtained from cows raised under organic and conventional conditions. In both the husbandry systems, positive and significant (p<0.01) correlations were found between the Ig concentrations of the mothers and offsprings. Consequently, it can be suggested that higher Ig concentrations in cattle raised under conventional conditions might be due to poorer environmental conditions

Sustainability Organic Agriculture and Livestock Production with Respect to European Union in Eastern Anatolia and East Black Sea Regions

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks

Effects of Race, Gender, Body Condition Score and Pregnancy on Serum Apelin Levels in Ewe

Apelin is an important adipokine hormone that is released from adipose tissue, which is considered as the energy store of the body, which plays a role in many physiological processes in the body, as well as cardiovascular, immune functions and energy, nutrients and fluid metabolism. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of lactation, pregnancy and gender on apelin hormone levels in blood serums belonging to different races of ewe. In the present study, the hormone levels of the pregnant, non-pregnant ewe and rams of the Akkaraman Kangal and Morkaraman races were thin, with different body condition scores (0.05). In terms of apelin, gender and body condition score, race and gender, and body condition score interactions were found to be significant

Çoklu doğrusal regresyon ve yapay sinir ağı modellerinin laktasyon süt verimlerine uyum yeteneklerinin karşılaştırılması

In this study, effects of lactation length, calving year and service period on lactation milk yield of Holstein Friesians were modeled with multiple regression and artificial neural networks (ANN) and compared goodness of fit of models. Analyses were carried on five lactations milk yields of 305 Holsteins calved at 2006, 2007 and 2008 years. After several experiments, hidden layer number was taken one and hidden nodes number were found three for the chosen architecture. Moreover, convergence criteria, maximum iteration number and epoch number were taken as 1.10-6, 50 and 20, respectively. Adjusted coefficient of determination (R2),root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), mean absolute percentage error performance criteria (MAPE) were used for comparison of artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models goodness of fit. After analysis R2 values were found among 0.62-0.85 for the five lactations with neural networks model. RMSE, MAD and MAPE criteria also were found among 480.9-1682.8, 325.2-1381.7 and 6.1-20.2, respectively. These criteria were found for R2, RMSE, MAD and MAPE among 0.30-0.75, 1964.8-30008.7, 1576.6-2458.3 and 24.7-35.6, respectively for multiple linear regression. When the models were compared, artificial neural networks model gave better fit than multiple linear regression models. Consequently, artificial neural networks was determined an alternative method to multiple regression analysis.Bu çalışmada Siyah Alaca ineklerin laktasyon süt verimleri üzerine laktasyon süresi (LS), buzağılama yılı (BY) ve servis periyodunun (SP) etkisi çoklu regresyon ve yapay sinir ağı (YSA) ile modellenmiş ve modellerin uyum yetenekleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Analizler 2006, 2007 ve 2008 tarihlerinde buzağılayan toplam 305 adet Siyah Alaca ineğin ilk beş laktasyonuna ait süt verimleri üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Yapay sinir ağları modelinde tekrarlanan denemeler sonucunda seçilen mimariye göre, gizli katman sayısı bir ve bu katmandaki gizli düğüm sayısı üç olarak alınmıştır. Ayrıca yakınsama kriteri 1.10-6, maksimum iterasyon sayısı 50 ve algoritmanın sonlanması her bir çalıştırma için 20 devir (epoch) alınmıştır. Yapay sinir ağları ile çoklu regresyon modelinin iyi uyumunun karşılaştırılmasında düzeltilmiş belirleme katsayısı (R2) , hata kareler ortalamasının karekökü (Root Mean Square Error-RMSE), ortalama mutlak sapma (Mean Absolute Deviation-MAD) ve ortalama mutlak yüzde hata (Mean Absolute Percentage Error-MAPE) performans kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Analizler sonucunda yapay sinir ağları modeli ile ilk beş laktasyona ait R2 değerleri 0.62-0.85 arasında, RMSE değerleri 480.9-1682.8 arasında, MAD değerleri 325.2-1381.7 ve MAPE değerleri 6.1-20.2 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Çoklu doğrusal regresyonda ise bu değerler sırası ile R2 için 0.30 ile 0.75 arasında, RMSE için 1964.8-3008.7 arasında, MAD değeri 1576.6-2458.3 arasında ve MAPE değeri 24.7-35.6 arasında bulunmuştur. Söz konusu kriterlere göre bu modeller karşılaştırıldığında, bu çalışmada kullanılan süt verimlerinin tahminlenmesinde yapay sinir ağı modelinin çoklu doğrusal regresyon modelinden daha iyi uyum sağladığı gözlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla, yapay sinir ağlarının regresyon analizine alternatif bir metod olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır

Morphologic, yield and quality parameters of some annual forages as sole crops and intercropping mixtures in dry conditions for livestock

WOS: 000272054700013Sole annual legumes, cereals and intercropping mixture of annual legumes and cereals are intensively cultivated in the world for forage production. An experiment was carried out to compare morphological, yield and quality parameters of sole Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.), sole oat (Avena saliva L.), sole rye (Secale cereale L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + oat (Avena sativa L.), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + rye (Secale cereale L), Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) + wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) intercropping mixture in Kelkit Aydin Dogan Vocational Training School at Gumushane University of Turkey in dry and manure conditions during 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 years. Sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping mixture had the highest stem density. The highest cereal flag leaf lengths were in wheat in intercropping mixture, sole oat and oat in intercropping, mixture. Rye in intercropping mixture and sole rye had the highest cereal length. The highest legume ratio was found in Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture. Sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping mixture had the highest fresh and hay yield. The highest crude protein yield was obtained in Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture. Sole Hungarian vetch and Hungarian vetch + barley intercropping mixture had the highest crude protein content. The lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were gained in sole Hungarian vetch. Farmers in terms of yield may choose cultivation of sole rye and Hungarian vetch + rye intercropping Mixture. Also in terms of quality, they may choose cultivation of sole Hungarian vetch and Hungarian vetch + oat intercropping mixture in dry and manure conditions

The Effects of Dystocia and Stillbirth on Subsequent Lactation Performance in Holstein Dairy Cows

Bu çalışmada, Siyah Alaca ineklerde güç ve ölü doğumun takip eden laktasyon performansına etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, Gümüşhane ili Kelkit ilçesinde faaliyet gösteren özel bir sığırı işletmesinde 2005-2006 yılları arasında doğum yapan 326 Siyah Alaca ineğin 591 doğum ve süt verim kayıtları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, ölü doğum ve güç doğumla birlikte, buzağılama yılı ve mevsimi, doğum sırası ve doğum tipi gibi değişkenlerin 305 günlük süt verimi ve sağılan gün sayısına etkisi de araştırılmıştır. Siyah Alaca sığırlarda güç doğum ve ölü doğum ortalaması sırasıyla, %8.7 ve %9.1 olmuştur. Güç doğum yapan ineklerin 305 günlük süt verimi (608.6 kg) ve sağılan gün sayısı (23.1 gün) normal doğum yapanlara göre önemli oranda daha düşüktür (P0.01). Ölü doğum gerçekleştiren ineklerin, sağ doğum gerçekleştirenlere göre 305 günlük süt verimi ve sağılan gün sayısı sırasıyla 925.7 kg ve 26.5 gün daha azdır (P0.01). Sonuç olarak, süt ve buzağı kayıpları başta olmak üzere önemli ekonomik kayıplara neden olan güç ve ölü doğum, aynı zamanda hayvan refahı bakımından bazı sorunlar teşkil etmektedir. İyi bir sürü yönetimi ile bu etkiler azaltılabilir.In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of difficult birth and stillbirth on following lactation performance in Holstein cows. For this purpose, were used the birth and milk production data of 591 births of 326 Holstein cows in 20052006 in a cattle farm in Kelkit, G&uuml;m&uuml;şhane. In study, in addition to the effects of difficult birth and stillbirth, the effects of other parameters such as calving year, calving season, birth sequence and birth type on 305 days milk performance and the number of milking days were also investigated. Difficult birth and stillbirth rate were 8.7% and 9.1% in Holstein cows, respectively. 305 days milk performance (608.6 kg) and the number milking days (23.1 days) of cows with difficult birth were significantly lower than those of cows with normal birth. 305 days milk performance and the number milking days of cows with stillbirth were 925.7 kg and 26.5 days, respectively, less than those of cows giving live birth (P&lt;0.01). In conclusion, difficult birth and stillbirth, which are significant causes of economic losses including primarily milk and calf losses, constitutes some threat to animal welfare. These effects can be minimized with an effective herd management