Emergence of New Delhi metalo-β- lactamase (NDM-1) – producing multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria from poultry in Nigeria

The New Delhi metallo-beta- lactamase (NDM-1) gene is an emerging well acknowledged public health threats among human and animal pathogens worldwide. Since its first description in 2009, a lot of animal and human associated reports have been documented around the world, including some parts of Africa. There is however a dearth of information on it in Nigeria, particularly from food animals.The current work therefore screened 55 Gram negative bacteria isolated from cloaca swabs of both healthy and sick birds from commercial poultry houses in Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria: that were multi drug resistant and particularly resistant to 3 of or all of, cefepime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and amikacin for the presence of bla NDM-1 gene in a PCR assay. The Gram negative bacteria were. identified by conventional bacteriological procedures and with16s RNA PCR method. In all, 7.3% (4/55) of the pathogens including; 2 Proteus mirabilis, 1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 1 Enterobacter cloacae were positive for the gene.The result shows that poultry could be a possible source of spreading the public health important gene to other animal and human pathogen in Nigeria, thus constituting a serious public health hazard in terms of treatment failures in animal and human, should there be transmission of the gene. A nationwide surveillance is advocated for the purpose of instituting a well scientific informed preventive measures

Environmental Bacteria Associated With an Institutional Rabbit House

A bacteriological investigation of microorganisms of public health importance associated with rabbit houses was undertaken to determine the occurrence of bacteria in rabbit house in Ibadan. A total of 144 swab samples were collected from which 160 bacterial isolates were recovered. E. coli, (20%) showed the highest occurrence, followed in descending order by Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Proteus vulgaris (12.5%), Bacillus cereus (12.5%), Bacillus subtilis (10%), Streptococcus faecalis (10%), Bacillus firmus (7.5%), Proteus morganii (5%), Pseudomonas aureginosa (I2.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes (2.5%), Micrococcus species (2.5%)and Klebsiella species(2.5%). All the 20 (12.5%) staphylococcal isolates were coagulase-positive using tube coagulase test with human plasma. Similar strains of bacteria encountered in this investigation have been incriminated in disease outbreaks in rabbits with losses in terms of meat meant for human consumption and are therefore of public health importance. There is the need for regular microbiological surveillance to protect our growing rabbitaries and the rabbit models in biomedical research since these latent organisms may produce clinical conditions when the rabbits are exposed to stress conditions. Above all the importance of good hygiene and management in rabbitaries cannot be overemphasized to prevent avoidable outbreaks

Bovine Streptococcal Mastitis in Southwest and Northern States of Nigeria

An investigation was carried out to identify the streptococci species isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis in Kwara, Kaduna and Oyo States of Nigeria. Milk samples from 200 clinically mastitic udders were bacteriological studied. A total of 130 streptococci isolate belonging to six species of streptococci, namely S. uberis , S. agalactiae , S. dysgalactiae , S. epidemicus , S. bovis , S. equinus were recovered from the milk examined. Streptococcus uberis was the most frequently encountered species with an incidence of (55.4%) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (24.6%), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (12.3%) Streptococcus zoopidemicus (3.9%) Streptococcus bovis (2.3%) and Streptococcus equinus (1.5%). These species of streptococcus are of great public importance

Childhood Septicaemia Due To Salmonella Species in Ibadan, Nigeria

A cross sectional study to assess the incidence and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella isolates in septicaemic children who were presented at the children's emergency unit and children out-patient clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan was undertaken. A total of 442 samples from children (6 months and 11 years) with the history of fever were investigated, using blood culture method. The frequency of 151 bacteria isolated, were as follows: Staphylococcus aureus 50 (33.1%), Escherichia coli 29 (19.2%), Salmonella typhi 19 (12.6%), Staphylococcus albus 14(9.3%), Klebsiella species 12(7.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10(6.6%), Enterococcus faecalis 9(5.9%), Salmonella paratyphi 6(3.9%) and Haemophilus species 2(1.3%). Septicaemia due to Salmonella species showed the highest among children aged 5-11years bracket (56%), followed by 1- 5 years group (36%); while those within 0-1 year group showed the lowest frequency of (8%). In the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi, only Ceftriaxone showed 100% sensitivity in-vitro. While Gentamicin, Ofloxacin, Cefrazidime; Augmentin, Pefloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Amoxycillin, Cotrimoxazole showed varied sensitivity/resistance in descending order. These findings suggest an increasing resistance to the antibiotics commonly used for salmonellosis and the rate at which bacteria become resistant to antimicrobial agents is of public health concern. This calls for routine bacteriological culture and sensitivity test in the management of bacterial infections. Furthermore, the provision of adequate health care, wholesome water for drinking and domestic use by governments cannot be overemphasized

Occurrence of Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Nigerian tertiary Hospital

A total of 3,692 clinical samples consisting 1,969 urine samples, 535 blood culture, 362 high vagina swabs, 207 endocervical swabs, 125 cerebrospinal fluid, 136 ear swabs, 200 eye swabs and 158 wound swabs were microbiologically investigated for Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the Department of Medical Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital Ibadan. Two hundred and eight Staphylococcus aureus (5.6%) were isolated, twenty two, (10.6%) of which were methicilin resistant. Nine isolates 9/22(40.9%), were resistant to nine antibiotics having, R-type aug.amg.amx.pef.tet.cxc.e.nit.nal, two isolates 2/22 (9.1%) had octuple resistant pattern ; R-type aug.amg.amx.pef.cxc.e.nit.nal, four isolates 4/22 (18.2%) had septuple ; R-type aug.amg.amx.pef.cxc.e.nit resistant pattern, two isolates 2/22(9.1%) had quintuple ; R-type aug.amx.cxc.e.nit, one isolate 1/22 (4.5%) quadruple ; R-type aug.amx.cxc.nit, and another four isolates 4/22 (18.2%) had triple; R-type amx.cxc.nit. Seventeen, (77.3%) of the methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, were resistant to 30mcg Ceftriaxone, while nineteen, (86.4%) were resistant to 30mcg Ceftazidime. All the twenty two methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to Amoxycillin (25mcg), Cloxacillin (10mcg), Nitrofurantoin (300mcg), and Gentamycin (10mcg). The MIC of Ceftazidime for 3 isolates, 3/19(15.8%) was 120mcg/ml and the MIC of Ceftazidime for 16 isolates, 16/19 (84.2%) was 60mcg/ml, while the MIC of Ceftriaxone for 1 isolate, 1/17 (5.9%), 6 isolates, 6/17 (35.3%) , 10 isolates, 10/17 (58.8%) were >150mcg/ml, 150mcg/ml, 75mcg/ml respectively and the MIC of Ceftriaxone for the remaining 6 isolates, 6/17(35.3%) was 37.5mcg/ml . Taking into consideration the danger associated with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the findings from this study underscores the need for public enlightenment of both the hospital workers and the general public on the risk associated with this group of globally important pathogens and the necessary precautions for its control both in the hospitals and the communities in Nigeria