Challenges in measuring measles case fatality ratios in settings without vital registration

Measles, a highly infectious vaccine-preventable viral disease, is potentially fatal. Historically, measles case-fatality ratios (CFRs) have been reported to vary from 0.1% in the developed world to as high as 30% in emergency settings. Estimates of the global burden of mortality from measles, critical to prioritizing measles vaccination among other health interventions, are highly sensitive to the CFR estimates used in modeling; however, due to the lack of reliable, up-to-date data, considerable debate exists as to what CFR estimates are appropriate to use. To determine current measles CFRs in high-burden settings without vital registration we have conducted six retrospective measles mortality studies in such settings. This paper examines the methodological challenges of this work and our solutions to these challenges, including the integration of lessons from retrospective all-cause mortality studies into CFR studies, approaches to laboratory confirmation of outbreaks, and means of obtaining a representative sample of case-patients. Our experiences are relevant to those conducting retrospective CFR studies for measles or other diseases, and to those interested in all-cause mortality studies

Suplementação com vitamina A: impacto na morbidade e efeitos adversos Vitamin A supplementation: impact on morbidity and adverse effects

Este artigo apresenta uma síntese de dois estudos previamente publicados e que avaliaram diferentes aspectos dos efeitos da suplementação com mega-doses (100.000 ou 200.000 UI) de vitamina A em crianças pré-escolares. O primeiro é um ensaio comunitário, aleatório, duplo cego e placebo controlado, que demonstrou o efeito positivo da suplementação na redução da severidade dos episódios de diarréia. O segundo investigou os potenciais efeitos adversos da suplementação com mega-doses de vitamina A, oferecida conjuntamente com a vacinação em massa, utilizando um desenho de intervenção controlado e não randomizado. Seus resultados indicaram que a suplementação associada com as vacinas rotineiramente utilizadas na infância não elevou as taxas de efeitos adversos (diarréia, febre e vômito). São ainda discutidas as implicações dos resultados destes estudos, que contribuíram não somente para o avanço do conhecimento científico do campo em questão, como também têm fornecido evidências para justificar a implementação de políticas e ações específicas no campo da saúde e da nutrição, que por sua vez têm contribuído para gerar condições mais auspiciosas de sobrevivência na infância. Discute-se também a pertinência e a utilidade de desenhos de estudo com diferentes níveis de rigor metodológico na avaliação de intervenção em saúde.<br>This paper is a synthesis of two previously published studies, which evaluated different aspects of the effects of massive doses of vitamin A (100,000 or 200,000 IU) in pre-school children. The first consisted of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled community trial, which demonstrated the effect of supplementation on the reduction of the severity of episodes of diarrhea. The second investigated the potential adverse effects of supplementation with massive doses of vitamin A when given during mass vaccination, using a controlled but not randomized intervention design. The results of this study showed that supplementation did not increase the rates of adverse effects (diarrhea, fever and vomiting) associated with the vaccines routinely used in infancy. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of the results of these studies, which contributed not only towards the advance of scientific knowledge in the field in question but also provided evidence to justify the implementation of policies and specific actions in the field of health and nutrition which have contributed towards creating better conditions for infant survival. We also discuss the pertinence and usefulness of study designs with different levels of methodological robustness in evaluations in health

Effect of daily low dose of vitamin A compared with single high dose on morbidity and mortality of hospitalized mainly malnourished children in senegal: A randomized controlled clinical trial

SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe