The F-actin cytoskeleton in syncytia from non-clonal progenitor cells

The actin cytoskeleton of plant syncytia (a multinucleate cell arising through fusion) is poorly known: to date, there have only been reports about F-actin organization in plant syncytia induced by parasitic nematodes. To broaden knowledge regarding this issue, we analyzed F-actin organization in special heterokaryotic Utricularia syncytia, which arise from maternal sporophytic tissues and endosperm haustoria. In contrast to plant syncytia induced by parasitic nematodes, the syncytia of Utricularia have an extensive F-actin network. Abundant F-actin cytoskeleton occurs both in the region where cell walls are digested and the protoplast of nutritive tissue cells fuse with the syncytium and also near a giant amoeboid in the shape nuclei in the central part of the syncytium. An explanation for the presence of an extensive F-actin network and especially F-actin bundles in the syncytia is probably that it is involved in the movement of nuclei and other organelles and also the transport of nutrients in these physiological activity organs which are necessary for the development of embryos in these unique carnivorous plants. We observed that in Utricularia nutritive tissue cells, actin forms a randomly arranged network of F-actin, and later in syncytium, two patterns of F-actin were observed, one characteristic for nutritive cells and second—actin bundles—characteristic for haustoria and suspensors, thus syncytia inherit their F-actin patterns from their progenitors

Impacto financiero en la empresa Cerámicos Lambayeque SAC a través de la correlación de su economic value added y el crédito hipotecario del departamento de Lambayeque, en los periodos 2013-2012

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal evaluar el impacto financiero a través de la correlación estadística del crédito hipotecario y el economic value added (EVA) de Cerámicos Lambayeque SAC en los periodos 2013 -2012, para lograr ello se estableció las siguientes etapas de planificación tales como : Etapa 1: Se ha recolectado datos estadísticos sobre la evolución de los créditos hipotecarios en el departamento de Lambayeque (2013-2012). Etapa 2: Se determinó la cuota en el mercado de Cerámicos Lambayeque SAC en la región a través del nivel de producción mensual con respecto a sus competidores. Etapa 3: Se estableció la participación de Cerámicos Lambayeque SAC en los créditos hipotecarios en los periodos de análisis, contando con el nivel promedio de incidencia de ladrillo en los fines del crédito hipotecario a través del informe de Fondo Mivienda. Etapa 4: Se solicitó la información económica-financiera al área de contabilidad de la empresa Cerámicos Lambayeque SAC de los periodos 2013-2012. Etapa 5: Se calculó el rendimiento económico (ROA), el costo promedio ponderado de capital, rendimiento financiero (ROE) y el valor económico agregado (EVA). Etapa 6: Se determinó y analizó la correlación estadística anexando las variables de estudio; y en la Etapa 7: Se evaluó resultados estadísticos y se procedió a enumerar las conclusiones significativas y recomendaciones Los resultados, conclusiones y recomendaciones ha sido de beneficio para la junta de accionistas, gerente administrativo, contador y todos los demás stakeholders (partes interesadas) de la empresa. Asimismo tendrá una repercusión en el sector construcción, para las medidas financieras correspondientes.Tesi

Signaling interactions during nodule development

Nitrogen fixing bacteria, collectively referred to as rhizobia, are able to trigger the organogenesis of a new organ on legumes, the nodule. The morphogenetic trigger is a Rhizobium-produced lipochitin-oligosaccharide called the Nod factor, which is necessary, and in some legumes sufficient, for triggering nodule development in the absence of the bacterium. Because plant development is substantially influenced by plant hormones, it has been hypothesized that plant hormones (mainly the classical hormones abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinins, ethylene and gibberellic acid) regulate nodule development. in recent years, evidence has shown that Nod factors might act in legumes by changing the internal plant hormone balance, thereby orchestrating the nodule developmental program. In addition, many nonclassical hormonal signals have been found to play a role in nodule development, some of them similar to signals involved in animal development. These compounds include peptide hormones, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, uridine, flavonoids and Nod factors themselves. Environmental factors, in particular nitrate, also influence nodule development by affecting the plant hormone status. This review summarizes recent findings on the involvement of classical and nonclassical signals during nodule development with the aim of illustrating the multiple interactions existing between these compounds that have made this area so complicated to analyze