5,981 research outputs found
The stransverse mass, MT2, in special cases
This document describes some special cases in which the stransverse mass,
MT2, may be calculated by non-iterative algorithms. The most notable special
case is that in which the visible particles and the hypothesised invisible
particles are massless -- a situation relevant to its current usage in the
Large Hadron Collider as a discovery variable, and a situation for which no
analytic answer was previously known. We also derive an expression for MT2 in
another set of new (though arguably less interesting) special cases in which
the missing transverse momentum must point parallel or anti parallel to the
visible momentum sum. In addition, we find new derivations for already known
MT2 solutions in a manner that maintains manifest contralinear boost invariance
throughout, providing new insights into old results. Along the way, we stumble
across some unexpected results and make conjectures relating to geometric forms
of M_eff and H_T and their relationship to MT2.Comment: 11 pages, no figures. v2 corrects minor typos. v3 corrects an
incorrect statement in footnote 8 and inserts a missing term in eq (3.9). v4
and v5 correct minor typos spotted by reader
Supersymmetric particle mass measurement with the boost-corrected contransverse mass
A modification to the contransverse mass (MCT) technique for measuring the
masses of pair-produced semi-invisibly decaying heavy particles is proposed in
which MCT is corrected for non-zero boosts of the centre-of-momentum (CoM)
frame of the heavy states in the laboratory transverse plane. Lack of knowledge
of the mass of the CoM frame prevents exact correction for this boost, however
it is shown that a conservative correction can nevertheless be derived which
always generates an MCT value which is less than or equal to the true value of
MCT in the CoM frame. The new technique is demonstrated with case studies of
mass measurement with fully leptonic ttbar events and with SUSY events
possessing a similar final state.Comment: 33 pages, 33 .eps figures, JHEP3 styl
Reducing combinatorial uncertainties: A new technique based on MT2 variables
We propose a new method to resolve combinatorial ambiguities in hadron
collider events involving two invisible particles in the final state. This
method is based on the kinematic variable MT2 and on the MT2-assisted-on-shell
reconstruction of invisible momenta, that are reformulated as `test' variables
Ti of the correct combination against the incorrect ones. We show how the
efficiency of the single Ti in providing the correct answer can be
systematically improved by combining the different Ti and/or by introducing
cuts on suitable, combination-insensitive kinematic variables. We illustrate
our whole approach in the specific example of top anti-top production, followed
by a leptonic decay of the W on both sides. However, by construction, our
method is also directly applicable to many topologies of interest for new
physics, in particular events producing a pair of undetected particles, that
are potential dark-matter candidates. We finally emphasize that our method is
apt to several generalizations, that we outline in the last sections of the
paper.Comment: 1+23 pages, 8 figures. Main changes in v3: (1) discussion at the end
of sec. 2 improved; (2) added sec. 4.2 about the method's dependence on mass
information. Matches journal versio
Optimisation of amorphous zinc tin oxide thin film transistors by remote-plasma reactive sputtering
The influence of the stoichiometry of amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) thin films used as the semiconducting channel in thin film transistors (TFTs) is investigated. A-ZTO has been deposited using remote-plasma reactive sputtering from zinc:tin metal alloy targets with 10%, 33%, and 50% Sn at. %. Optimisations of thin films are performed by varying the oxygen flow, which is used as the reactive gas. The structural, optical, and electrical properties are investigated for the optimised films, which, after a post-deposition annealing at 500 °C in air, are also incorporated as the channel layer in TFTs. The optical band gap of a-ZTO films slightly increases from 3.5 to 3.8 eV with increasing tin content, with an average transmission âŒ90% in the visible range. The surface roughness and crystallographic properties of the films are very similar before and after annealing. An a-ZTO TFT produced from the 10% Sn target shows a threshold voltage of 8 V, a switching ratio of 10, a sub-threshold slope of 0.55 V dec, and a field effect mobility of 15 cm V s, which is a sharp increase from 0.8 cm V s obtained in a reference ZnO TFT. For TFTs produced from the 33% Sn target, the mobility is further increased to 21 cm V s, but the sub-threshold slope is slightly deteriorated to 0.65 V dec. For TFTs produced from the 50% Sn target, the devices can no longer be switched off (i.e., there is no channel depletion). The effect of tin content on the TFT electrical performance is explained in the light of preferential sputtering encountered in reactive sputtering, which resulted in films sputtered from 10% and 33% Sn to be stoichiometrically close to the common ZnSnO and ZnSnO phases.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Grant ID: EP/M013650/1
General analysis of signals with two leptons and missing energy at the Large Hadron Collider
A signal of two leptons and missing energy is challenging to analyze at the
Large Hadron Collider (LHC) since it offers only few kinematical handles. This
signature generally arises from pair production of heavy charged particles
which each decay into a lepton and a weakly interacting stable particle. Here
this class of processes is analyzed with minimal model assumptions by
considering all possible combinations of spin 0, 1/2 or 1, and of weak
iso-singlets, -doublets or -triplets for the new particles. Adding to existing
work on mass and spin measurements, two new variables for spin determination
and an asymmetry for the determination of the couplings of the new particles
are introduced. It is shown that these observables allow one to independently
determine the spin and the couplings of the new particles, except for a few
cases that turn out to be indistinguishable at the LHC. These findings are
corroborated by results of an alternative analysis strategy based on an
automated likelihood test.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, LaTe
Measuring Invisible Particle Masses Using a Single Short Decay Chain
We consider the mass measurement at hadron colliders for a decay chain of two
steps, which ends with a missing particle. Such a topology appears as a
subprocess of signal events of many new physics models which contain a dark
matter candidate. From the two visible particles coming from the decay chain,
only one invariant mass combination can be formed and hence it is na\"ively
expected that the masses of the three invisible particles in the decay chain
cannot be determined from a single end point of the invariant mass
distribution. We show that the event distribution in the
vs. invariant mass-squared plane, where , are the transverse
energies of the two visible particles, contains the information of all three
invisible particle masses and allows them to be extracted individually. The
experimental smearing and combinatorial issues pose challenges to the mass
measurements. However, in many cases the three invisible particle masses in the
decay chain can be determined with reasonable accuracies.Comment: 45 pages, 32 figure
Spin and Chirality Effects in Antler-Topology Processes at High Energy Colliders
We perform a model-independent investigation of spin and chirality
correlation effects in the antler-topology processes
at high energy colliders with polarized
beams. Generally the production process
can occur not only through the -channel exchange of vector bosons,
, including the neutral Standard Model (SM) gauge bosons,
and , but also through the - and -channel exchanges of new
neutral states, and , and the -channel
exchange of new doubly-charged states, . The general set of
(non-chiral) three-point couplings of the new particles and leptons allowed in
a renormalizable quantum field theory is considered. The general spin and
chirality analysis is based on the threshold behavior of the excitation curves
for pair production in collisions with
longitudinal and transverse polarized beams, the angular distributions in the
production process and also the production-decay angular correlations. In the
first step, we present the observables in the helicity formalism. Subsequently,
we show how a set of observables can be designed for determining the spins and
chiral structures of the new particles without any model assumptions. Finally,
taking into account a typical set of approximately chiral invariant scenarios,
we demonstrate how the spin and chirality effects can be probed experimentally
at a high energy collider.Comment: 50 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables, matches version published in EPJ
The s ---> d gamma decay in and beyond the Standard Model
The New Physics sensitivity of the s ---> d gamma transition and its
accessibility through hadronic processes are thoroughly investigated. Firstly,
the Standard Model predictions for the direct CP-violating observables in
radiative K decays are systematically improved. Besides, the magnetic
contribution to epsilon prime is estimated and found subleading, even in the
presence of New Physics, and a new strategy to resolve its electroweak versus
QCD penguin fraction is identified. Secondly, the signatures of a series of New
Physics scenarios, characterized as model-independently as possible in terms of
their underlying dynamics, are investigated by combining the information from
all the FCNC transitions in the s ---> d sector.Comment: 54 pages, 14 eps figure
Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding of multiwalled carbon nanotube composites containing Fe catalyst
Thin and flexible composite films of raw or purified multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) with various mass fractions and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesized for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material. From scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy photographs, we observed the formation of a conducting network through MWCNTs in an insulating PMMA matrix and the existence of an Fe catalyst in MWCNTs. The dc conductivity (sigma(dc)) of the systems increased with increasing MWCNT mass fraction, showing typical percolation behavior. The measured EMI shielding efficiency (SE) of MWCNT-PMMA composites by using the extended ASTM D4935-99 method (50 MHz-13.5 GHz) increased with increasing MWCNT mass fraction as sigma(dc). The highest EMI SE for raw MWCNT-PMMA composites was similar to27 dB, indicating commercial use for far-field EMI shielding. The contribution of absorption to total EMI SE of the systems is larger than that of reflection. Based on magnetic permeability, we suggest raw MWCNTs and their composites can be used for near-field EMI shielding.open28629
The Impact of Flavour Changing Neutral Gauge Bosons on B->X_s gamma
The branching ratio of the rare decay B->X_s gamma provides potentially
strong constraints on models beyond the Standard Model. Considering a general
scenario with new heavy neutral gauge bosons, present in particular in Z' and
gauge flavour models, we point out two new contributions to the B->X_s gamma
decay. The first one originates from one-loop diagrams mediated by gauge bosons
and heavy exotic quarks with electric charge -1/3. The second contribution
stems from the QCD mixing of neutral current-current operators generated by
heavy neutral gauge bosons and the dipole operators responsible for the B->X_s
gamma decay. The latter mixing is calculated here for the first time. We
discuss general sum rules which have to be satisfied in any model of this type.
We emphasise that the neutral gauge bosons in question could also significantly
affect other fermion radiative decays as well as non-leptonic two-body B
decays, epsilon'/epsilon, anomalous (g-2)_mu and electric dipole moments.Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures; version published on JHEP; added magic QCD
numbers for flavour-violating Z gauge boson contribution to B -> X_s gamm
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