8 research outputs found
Quantum dynamics in strong fluctuating fields
A large number of multifaceted quantum transport processes in molecular
systems and physical nanosystems can be treated in terms of quantum relaxation
processes which couple to one or several fluctuating environments. A thermal
equilibrium environment can conveniently be modelled by a thermal bath of
harmonic oscillators. An archetype situation provides a two-state dissipative
quantum dynamics, commonly known under the label of a spin-boson dynamics. An
interesting and nontrivial physical situation emerges, however, when the
quantum dynamics evolves far away from thermal equilibrium. This occurs, for
example, when a charge transferring medium possesses nonequilibrium degrees of
freedom, or when a strong time-dependent control field is applied externally.
Accordingly, certain parameters of underlying quantum subsystem acquire
stochastic character. Herein, we review the general theoretical framework which
is based on the method of projector operators, yielding the quantum master
equations for systems that are exposed to strong external fields. This allows
one to investigate on a common basis the influence of nonequilibrium
fluctuations and periodic electrical fields on quantum transport processes.
Most importantly, such strong fluctuating fields induce a whole variety of
nonlinear and nonequilibrium phenomena. A characteristic feature of such
dynamics is the absence of thermal (quantum) detailed balance.Comment: review article, Advances in Physics (2005), in pres
Volume expansion of periaqueductal gray in episodic migraine: a pilot MRI structural imaging study
Quantized Field Effects
quantized field effects The electromagnetic field appears almost everywhere in physics. Following the introduction of Maxwell\u27s equations in 1864, Max Planck initiated quantum theory when he discovered h = 2πℏ in the laws of black-body radiation. In 1905 Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect on the hypothesis of a corpuscular nature of radiation and in 1917 this paradigm led to a description of the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic radiation. The study of quantized field effects requires an understanding of the quantization of the field which leads to the concept of a quantum of radiation, the photon. Specific nonclassical features arise when the field is prepared in particular quantum states, such as squeezed states. When the radiation field interacts with an atom, there is an important difference between a classical field and a quantized field. A classical field can have zero amplitude, in which case it does not interact with the atom. On the other hand a quantized field always interacts with the atom, even if all the field modes are in their ground states, due to vacuum fluctuations. These lead to various effects such as spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. The interaction of an atom with the many modes of the radiation field can conveniently be described in an approximate manner by a master equation where the radiation field is treated as a reservoir. Such a treatment gives a microscopic and quantum mechanically consistent description of damping