Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

MCMC methods in wavelet shrinkage: Non-equally spaced regression, density and spectral density estimation

We consider posterior inference in wavelet based models for non-parametric regression with unequally spaced data, density estimation and spectral density estimation. The common theme in all three applications is the lack of posterior independence for the wavelet coe cientsdjk. In contrast, most commonly considered applications of wavelet decompositions in Statistics are based on a setup which implies a posteriori independent coe cients, essentially reducing the inference problem to a series of univariate problems. This is generally true for regression with equally spaced data, image reconstruction, density estimation based on smoothing the empirical distribution, time series applications and deconvolution problems. We propose a hierarchical mixture model as prior probability model on the wavelet coe cients. The model includes a level-dependent positive prior probability mass at zero, i.e., for vanishing coe cients. This implements wavelet coe cient thresholding as a formal Bayes rule. For non-zero coe-cients weintroduce shrinkage by assuming normal priors. Allowing di erent prior variance at each level of detail we obtain level-dependent shrinkage for non-zero coe cients. We implement inference in all three proposed models by a Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme which requires only minor modi cations for the di erent applications. Allowing zero coe cients requires simulation over variable dimension parameter space (Green 1995). We use a pseudo-prior mechanism (Carlin and Chib 1995) to achieve this

Spatial dynamics of AIDS incidence in the elderly in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1997-2011

The dynamics of the spread of the AIDS epidemic ranges according to the characteristics of each geographical region in different population groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate spatial and temporal trends of the AIDS epidemic among the elderly in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A retrospective study using spatial analysis techniques was conducted among AIDS cases (≥ 60 years) diagnosed from 1997-2011. The Poisson regression model was used to assess the relationship between year of diagnosis and incidence of AIDS, adjusted by sex. The AIDS epidemic began in the south coast of the state and gradually reached neighboring cities. The highest rates were found in regions around Rio de Janeiro and Niterói cities. The highest smoothed rates of the period were observed in Niterói in 2002-2006: 11.87/100,000 (men) and 8,5/100,000 (women). AIDS incidence rates among the elderly have stabilized in recent decades. To prevent HIV from spreading further among the general population, greater attention should be given to the older population