14 research outputs found
Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS), Sleep, And Beliefs About Sleep Among Secondary School Students In Nigeria
Brain Fag, a culture bound syndrome which manifests especially among students in Africa was investigated in relation to sleep and beliefs about sleep in a
sample of Nigerian secondary school students. Methods: A sample of 500 secondary school students were drawn from six secondary schools in Ile-Ife, Osun State,Nigeria. The Brain Fag Syndrome Scale, Beliefs and Attitude about sleep Questionnaire, and selected items of Pittsburgh Sleep Index were administered on the participants. Results: Students with Brain Fag Syndrome (BFS) slept an average of 5.8 hrs (S.D = 1.1) while those without BFS slept an average of 5.9 hrs (S.D = 1.1).One hundred and eighty two (37.3%) BFS students slept above 6 hrs a day compared with 32 (62.7%) of non BFS students (t = -2.667; df = 49; p = 0.657).
Students with BFS (44.3%) slept early while 33.8% of students without BFS slept early (X2 = 7.324, df = 3, p = 0.007). Early insomnia was experienced by 57% of BFS
cases while 55% of non BFS cases experienced early insomnia (X2 = 2.019; df = 1; p= 0.155). Conclusion: BFS students in Nigeria to adjust their sleep patterns and
habits in order to forestall clinically significant psychological breakdown and impairment in cognitive functionin
Investigation into the Behaviour of Polymer-Aggregate Concrete under Compressive Loading Condition
The problem of Housing deficit has been a major problem in Nigeria owing to the perennial hike in prices of building materials in which cement, sand and granite form the nucleus of the materials in the built industry; hence the need to research into local available materials that could replace the conventional materials used in concrete production. This paper investigated the behaviour of a polymer concretes using Reprocessed Pure Water Sachet (PWS) as binder, laterite and clay as aggregates in separate mixtures with polymer for possible replacement of conventional cement concrete in some areas of application. The polymer aggregate concretes were prepared by mixing Reprocessed PWS with laterite and clay differently in different polymer-aggregate percentage replacements by volume (50%-50%, 60%-40%, 70%-30%, and 80%-20%) after sieve analysis had been carried out on aggregate samples. Compressive strength test was carried out on all samples after 28 days of air drying. It was discovered that polymer aggregate concrete compresses under a small applied load ranging from an average of 1.13KN to 1.88KN; and the loss in weight/height was alarming as the polymer (Reprocessed PWS) content in the concrete mix increases. It was also discovered that, the more the polymer content the lower the compressive strength in both cases, that is, laterite and clay aggregates but higher values were recorded in laterite but still a far cry from average compressive strength of reinforced concrete. The compressive strength ranged from 3.0N/mm2-1.0N/mm2 (50%-50% to 80%-20%) for laterite aggregate and 1.0N/mm2-0.5N/mm2 for clay aggregate. However, it was observed that polymer aggregate concretes behaved in such a manner that, under compression process, the samples didnât break as always in the case of conventional cement concrete but a loss in weight and height were recorded owing to solvent oozing out of samples under compression process. Keywords: Polymer Concrete (PC), Pure Water Sachet (PWS), Polymer-Aggregate, Sieve analysis, Compressive Strength
Investigation into Strength Properties of Polymer-Sand Aggregate Concrete
Polymer concrete (PC) is a composite material formed by combining mineral aggregates such as sand or gravel with a monomer. This study investigated the strength properties of a polymer concrete using reprocessed Pure Water Sachet (PWS) as a binder and sharp sand as aggregate for possible replacement for conventional cement concrete in some areas of application. The polymer sand aggregate concrete was prepared by mixing reprocessed PWS with sand in different polymer-aggregate percentage replacements by volume (50%-50%, 60%-40%, 70%-30%, and 80%-20%) after sieve analysis had been carried out on the sand while the control specimen, that is, conventional cement concrete was prepared from a mix ratio of 1:2:4. Compressive strength test was carried out on all samples after 28 days curing in air and water for both polymer aggregate concrete and conventional cement concrete respectively. It was discovered that, the more the polymer (reprocessed PWS) content the lower the compressive strength. The compressive strength ranged from 2.0N/mm2-0.5N/mm2 (50%-50% to 80%-20%) at an average of 1.2N/mm2; but very low compared to conventional cement concrete strength as specified in BS 8110 1-1997. However, modifying cement formulations with polymers provides many important properties that make a variety of applications possible, including concrete patch and repair, decorative cement overlays, ceramic tile adhesives, and many others. Keywords: Polymer Concrete (PC), Pure Water Sachet (PWS), Polymer-Aggregate, Sieve analysis, Compressive Strength
Morphological and morphometric studies of the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats
Micro-anatomical changes in the aorta, pulmonary trunk, and left ventricle of
Wistar rats were studied after the administration of streptozotocin. Twenty
adult Rattus norvegicus were randomly assigned into two groups (control and
diabetic) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in the
diabetic group of rats by daily intra-peritoneal administration of multiple doses
of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin dissolved in 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer for five
consecutive days. The control group was given the equivalent volume of citrate
buffer. The animals were monitored for four weeks after streptozotocin administration.
Post sacrifice, the left ventricle, aorta, and pulmonary trunk were
excised, weighed, and fixed by immersion in 10% formol saline. The tissues
were processed for paraffin embedding, and sections of 6 μm thickness were
produced and stained with H & E for general histological observations, and
Verhoeff-van Gieson elastic fibre stain to demonstrate elastic fibres in these
cardiovascular structures. The data obtained were analyzed with descriptive
and inferential statistics. Histopathological and morphometric examinations of
the stained sections showed a significant increase in the thickness of the tunica
intima of aorta (t = –7.49; df = 9; p < 0.05) and pulmonary trunk (t = –10.81;
df = 9; p < 0.05) in diabetic rats (14.59 ± 1.189 mm and 11.307 ± 0.863 mm,
respectively) when compared to that of the control group (3.62 ± 0.353 mm
and 3.22 ± 0.244 mm, respectively). In addition, the distribution of elastic and
collagen fibres was sparse in the hearts of the diabetic group when compared
to that of the control group. The findings of this study demonstrated that diabetes
mellitus might cause some alterations in the microanatomy of cardiovascular
structures
Histomorphological and morphometric studies of the pancreatic islet cells of diabetic rats treated with extracts of Annona muricata
Microanatomical changes in the pancreatic islet cells of streptozotocin induced
diabetic Wistar rats were studied after treatment with methanolic extracts of
Annona muricata leaves. Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned into
three groups (control, untreated diabetic group, and A. muricata-treated diabetic
group) of ten rats each. Diabetes mellitus was experimentally induced in
groups B and C by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 80 mg/kg streptozotocin
dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer. The control rats were intraperitoneally
injected with an equivalent volume of citrate buffer. Daily intra peritoneal injections
of 100 mg/kg A. muricata were administered to group C rats for two
weeks. Post sacrifice the pancreases of the rats were excised and fixed in Bouin’s
fluid. The tissues were processed for paraffin embedding and sections of 5 μm
thickness were produced and stained with H & E, Gomori aldehyde fuchsin,
and chrome alum haematoxylin-phloxine for demonstration of the β-cells of
islets of pancreatic islets. Histomorphological and morphometric examination of
the stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase in the number,
diameter, and volume of the β-cells of pancreatic islets of the A. muricata-treated
group (5.67 ± 0.184 N/1000 μm2, 5.38 ± 0.093 μm and 85.12 ± 4.24 μm3,
respectively) when compared to that of the untreated diabetic group of rats
(2.85 ± 0.361 N/1000 μm2, 2.85 ± 0.362 μm and 69.56 ± 5.216 μm3, respectively).
The results revealed regeneration of the β-cells of islets of pancreatic islet
of rats treated with extract of A. muricata. (Folia Morphol 2010; 69, 2: 92-100
Isolation, characterization and immunochemical studies on fibrous proteins from cowry shell (Cypraea moneta, Linnaeus)
Background: Biomaterials are non-drug substances used to treat, enhance or replace functions of body tissues or organs. Natural sources of biomaterials have recently become the focus of several research activities. Cowry shell constitutes one of the most promising natural sources of biomaterials because of its chemical stability, biodegradability and biocompatibility in the body. However, its applications may be limited due to immunogenic and toxic responses that may occur following implantation, hence this study.Materials and Methods: Crude fibrous protein extracted with citrate buffer from pulverised cowry shells (Cypraea moneta (L)), was resolved into two components (CSP1 and CSP2) by gel filtration. Immunological studies were performed with antisera obtained from rabbits by double immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis techniques. Mice treated with the proteins were observed for signs of toxicity and their liver, kidney, lungs and spleen were processed histologically.Results: The native molecular weight of CSP1 and CSP2 determined by gel filtration were 91kDa and 33kDa respectively. CSP1 and CSP2 displayed single bands on SDS-PAGE with subunit molecular weight values of 19kDa and 19.5kDa respectively. Antisera obtained from rabbits immunised with the crude citrate buffer extracts precipitated the antigen in double immunodiffusion tests. Histopathological examinations revealed a dose-dependent damaging effect of the shell proteins on liver, kidney, lung and spleen tissues of the treated mice.Conclusion: This study showed that cowry shells contain fibrous proteins which are immunogenic and toxic in mice at relatively high concentrations, causing visible organ damage without concurrent physical manifestations.Keywords: cowry shell protein, purification, immune activation, toxicit
Solenostemon monostachyus, Ipomoea involucrata and Carica papaya seed oil versus Glutathione, or Vernonia amygdalina: Methanolic extracts of novel plants for the management of sickle cell anemia disease
Background
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disease caused by an individual inheriting an allele for sickle cell hemoglobin from both parents and is associated with unusually large numbers of immature blood cells, containing many long, thin, crescent-shaped erythrocytes. It is a disease prevalent throughout many populations. The use of medicinal plants and nutrition in managing SCD is gaining increasing attention.
Methods
The antisickling effects of Solenostemon monostachyus (SolMon), Carica papaya seed oil (Cari-oil) and Ipomoea involucrata (Ipocrata) in male (HbSSM) and female (HbSSF) human sickle cell blood was examined in vitro and compared with controls, or cells treated with glutathione or an antisickling plant (Vernonia amygdalina; VerMyg).
Results
Levels of sickle blood cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all the plant-extract treated SCD patientsâ blood compared with that of untreated SCD patients. RBCs in SolMon, Ipocrata, and Cari-oil treated samples were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with VerMyg-treated samples. The Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in all plant extract-treated HbSSM samples compared with controls. Hemoglobin concentration was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by SolMon treatment in HbSSF compared with VerMyg. Sickle cell polymerization inhibition exhibited by SolMon was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with that of VerMyg in HbSSF blood. Sickle cell polymerization inhibition in SolMon and Ipocrata were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with VerMyg in HbSSM blood. All plant extracts significantly reduced (P < 0.05) lactate dehydrogenase activity in both HbSSM and HbSSF-treated blood. Catalase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in HbSSF blood treated with Ipocrata compared with glutathione. Cari-oil treated HbSSM and HbSSF blood had significantly increased (P < 0.05) peroxidase activity compared with controls.
Conclusions
Methanolic extracts from S. monostachyus, C. papaya seed oil and I. involucrata exhibited particular antisickling properties coupled with the potential to reduce stress in sickle cell patients. Each plant individually or in combination may be useful for the management of sickle cell diseas
Pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration with phytotherapy
Although currently available drugs are useful in controlling early onset complications of diabetes, serious late onset complications appear in a large number of patients. Considering the physiopathology of diabetes, preventing beta cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets will be essential approaches for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The current review focused on phytochemicals, the antidiabetic effect of which has been proved by pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration. Among the hundreds of plants that have been investigated for diabetes, a small fraction has shown the regenerative property and was described in this paper. Processes of pancreatic beta cell degeneration and regeneration were described. Also, the proposed mechanisms for the protective/regenerative effects of such phytochemicals and their potential side effects were discussed
Cadaveric Study of Male Lumbar Intervertebral Foramina Morphometry in Ile-Ife
Background: This study was designed to investigate
the mean lumbar foramina height and length in male
cadaveric specimens in Ile-Ife. Aim and Objectives:
Two hundred and fifty intervertebral foramina derived
from twenty-five male cadaveric specimens were
analyzed, were studied. They were obtained from the
Department of Anatomy, Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Osun State in Southwestern
Nigeria. The cadavers were positioned prone and a
routine paraspinal approach was employed to gain
exposure to the posterior spinal element following
meticulous soft tissue dissection. An osteotomy of the
iliac crest was performed to adequately expose the fifth
lumbar (L1-S1) foramina.Parameters assessed were;
the foramen height and the foraminal length. The
measurement was performed three times on each side
using vernier calipers. The variations of the different
measurements in the cephalo-caudal direction were
analyzed for statistical differences using the âOne way
ANOVAâ with post hoc test. Results: The result
showed a gradual increase of the foramina height were
observed on both right and left side from L1-L2 to L3-
L4 and from then on decreased progressively towards
the L5-S1 level. No statistical difference was noted in
the measurements derived (p<0.05). Conclusion: A
good understanding of the lumbar intervertebral
foraminal are essential in surgical planning of suitably
sized cannulas necessary for less invasive spine
surgeries as well as help in diagnosis of pathologies
surrounding this important region following adequate
clinical evaluation and measurements using imaging