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    Building Babies - Chapter 16

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    In contrast to birds, male mammals rarely help to raise the offspring. Of all mammals, only among rodents, carnivores, and primates, males are sometimes intensively engaged in providing infant care (Kleiman and Malcolm 1981). Male caretaking of infants has long been recognized in nonhuman primates (Itani 1959). Given that infant care behavior can have a positive effect on the infant’s development, growth, well-being, or survival, why are male mammals not more frequently involved in “building babies”? We begin the chapter defining a few relevant terms and introducing the theory and hypotheses that have historically addressed the evolution of paternal care. We then review empirical findings on male care among primate taxa, before focusing, in the final section, on our own work on paternal care in South American owl monkeys (Aotus spp.). We conclude the chapter with some suggestions for future studies.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (HU 1746/2-1) Wenner-Gren Foundation, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation (BCS-0621020), the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation, the Zoological Society of San Dieg

    Measuring Sustainment of Multiple Practices Fiscally Mandated in Children’s Mental Health Services

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    Examining sustainment of multiple evidence-based practices is crucial to understanding the processes and outcomes of system-driven implementation efforts that are increasingly common. This study used administrative claims data to characterize volume and penetration of six practices over 19 fiscal quarters following initial implementation within the context of a system-driven, fiscally mandated implementation effort in Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health’s Prevention and Early Intervention services. Patterns of volume changes over time revealed an overall ramp up of practice claims over time, but variability in patterns of volume and penetration for each practice. Findings varied by the methods used to index and analyze volume and penetration. Furthermore, a number of client case-mix and therapist characteristics were associated with the volume of therapists’ claims for each practice relative to their claims for the other practices
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