An examination of the motivations for the foreign acquisitions of the local banks : a case study of the Egyptian banks

Opposite to the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, where there were several foreign banks joint ventures and branches of foreign banks established; the initial years of 2000s, in particular, between 2005-2010, had witnessed of established a wave of foreign banks M&As in the country –Egypt-. Here is an example of a debatable thesis that tries to investigate the main drivers and factors behind the recent wave of foreign M&As within the country –Egypt-.As a matter of fact, the literature review indicates that there are drivers and factors at each of the host-country, and the local-firm, as well as at the foreign-firm, itself, that motivated the foreign entrants to adopt M&As across the borders.Because of this, this thesis adopted the recent view of the OLI-paradigm of John Dunning that has emerged recently in 2006. This recent development of the OLI- paradigm emphasises on the effective role of the host countries‟ institutional features as a whole in adopting international strategies more than considering the country‟s risk-level and its market state(as suggested in the old OLI-paradigm). This recent development considered to be a theoretical hypothesis that needs to be verified.As illustrated in the recent development of OLI-paradigm: the current study adopted the Locational-advantage that reflecting the institutional theory, to refer to the host- country institutional features; Ownership-advantage that reflecting the Resource- Based view, to refer to resources and capabilities for each of the international-partner and local-partner, and implicitly Internationalisation-advantage that reflecting the transaction-costs-view, which could be handled effectively through the country‟s high quality institutional features. So, the thesis‟ theoretical triangulation is achieved.To verify that, the thesis adopted a positivism paradigm that tended to the realism paradigm, as a research route. A case study and a purposive sample of 6 case studies are adopted. A pattern-matching is employed, in which the emerging factors from the literature are set in order to be verified through a number of theoretical propositions. So, the current study adopted mix research methods, quantitative and qualitative methods, in order to link the empirical data to the study‟s proposed theoretical propositions. Quantitative data was collected through distributing Likert Five-Scale questionnaire and qualitative data was obtained through carrying out semi-structured interviews with the representative‟ staff of the acquiring banks and secondary data was obtained from international and local reports. So primary data and secondary data are used in the current thesis, and this achieved another triangulation in the methodology and the coolecting data of the current study.The quantitative data was analysed by using parametric tests(one-sample t-test) since the study sample size =33 and the study‟s questionnaires data meet the normal distribution requirements.The study results show that with the new millennium, no longer the old view of OLI- paradigm could interpret the entry of FDI into other countries, and instead of that the recent development of OLI-paradigm is suggested. This refers to the important role of the host country‟s preparations of the institutional features in attracting FDI to the country. Since the host country‟s institutional features are considered the only able to exploit the Ownership-advantage of the international banks abroad and to take advantage of the local-partner‟s resources, otherwise, the international banks couldn‟t expolit their resources. Since the international banks are encouraging to move towards a specific country, which its institutional features were prepared well, which involves regulatory quality features, legal and infrastructure, social and transparency features. But, this only possible when the foreign entrant has Ownership-advantage that attracting the local actors to select it, particularly amongst the other international banks. As well, it is also possible only when the local -partner has distinctive resources that attracting the international-partner to select a specific local bank amongst the other local banks.In view of that, Dunning‟s recent development view of OLI-paradigm is verified in explaining the existence of expansionary activities by international banks in the country –Egypt-. However, still this topic needs more investigation since the current study discovered that each of the home countries‟ regulations and cultural influences may have an effect, as an initial mechanism, on the international banks‟ going abroad

Steric and Polar Factors Affecting Heteroring Opening of 2-[2-carboxy-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro]phenyl-4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-one by Nitrogen and Carbon Nucleophiles

The behavior of 2-[2-carboxy-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro]phenyl-4H-3,1-Benzoxazin-4-  one towards Nitrogen nucleophiles and Carbon nucleophiles under Friedel–Crafts' reaction conditions has been investigated and steric versus polar factors affecting ring opening has been studied

BODY SECRETIONS GODDESS IN ANCIENT RELIGIOUS TEXTS

(Ar) معبودات إفرازات الجسد فى النصوص الدينية القديمة يعد الماء هو أصل كل شيء حيث خرج الكون من مفهوم المصري القديم من المحيط الأزلي نون ، والذى كان فى حد ذاته معبوداً لدى العقيدة المصرية القديمة .يساعد الماء على أجراء الكثير من العمليات الهامة للنشاط الحيوي للإنسان فهو يساعد على الهضم وتوزيع العناصر الغذائية على الجسم وعلى عملية الأخراج ، كما يساعد الماء على توازن جسم الأنسان ، ويكون الماء المكون الرئيسي فى الجسد من دم ، سائل لمفاوى ، سائل منوى ، نخاعي كذلك دخل فى افرازات الجسد مثل اللبن ، الدموع ، البول ، العرق، حيث حملت أفرازات الجسد رمزية هامة ودلاله عظيمة فى النصوص الدينية المصرية القديمة حيث شكلت وسيلة للحماية من الشرور والأخطار، ومن عقوبة المعبودات كذلك تسببت الأفرازات فى أنعاش القلب وعدم أنهاكه . وكانت الأفرازات تطلق من الجسد لأزاله العلل والأمراض وتساعد على القدسيه والتجسد بهيئة المعبودات، وتساعد فى حشد المعبودات من أجل المتوفى . ايزيس ، شو ، حور ، حو ، دواور ( Dwa – wr ) معبودات الـ HHw الثمانيه . كما تساقطت الأفرازات التى تخرج من الأرواح لتملأ البحيرات والأنهار . ارتبطت الأفرازات بالأساطير مثل اساطير الخلق والمواقع الأسطورية مثل " روستاو" وجزيرة النار .لعبت الأفرازات أيضاً دوراً كبيراً حيث ارتبطت بالمعبودات وبعقبات العالم الآخر ، وتمنى المتوفى ألا يكون له افرازات كريهه تفسد جسده وتسبب فى فنائه أو تدميره . هذا وقد كان الجسد يطرد الأفرازات السيئة للتخلص من الروائح المنتنة ولينعم بالعطور والروائح الحسنة بعدها . (ُEN) Water is considered the origin of everything, as, in the concept of the Ancient Egyptian, the universe came from the Eternal Ocean ‚Nun‛ which was in itself a god in the Ancient Egyptian Ideology. Water helps in performing many vital operations for human beings, as it helps in swallowing, digestion, distributing nutritious elements, and the process of excretion. Water helps in the balance of the human body, and it is the main component in the body of blood, Lymphatic fluid, Seminal fluid, Cerebrospinal fluid, as well as being part of the Body Secretions such as milk, tears, urine, sweat, <, etc. Body Secretions carried significant symbolism and great reference in Ancient Egyptian religious texts, as it represented a means of protection against evils and dangers and against the punishment of the gods. The Secretions also caused rejuvenation of the heart and prevented exhausting it. Secretions were released from the body to remove illnesses and diseases and helped in the holiness and embodiment in the form of the gods, as well as mobilizing the gods for the sake of the deceased: «Isis», «Shu», «Horus», «Hw, «DwA-wr» the eight gods of« HHw». Secretions that came out of the spirits fell to fill the lakes and rivers. Secretions were related to myths, such as creation myths and mythological locations, such as «Rostau» and the Island of Fire. Secretions also played an important role as they were connected to the gods and punishment of the hereafter, as well as the hope of the deceased not to have detestable Secretions that may ruin his body and lead to his annihilation or destruction. In addition, the body expelled bad Secretions to get rid of rotten odors and be blessed with perfumes and good odors after that

Discovery anti-diabetic potent ofthiazolidinedione derivative based on virtual screening against aldose reducates

Thiazolidinedione (1) was used as a key intermediate for the synthesis of many therapeutic anti-diabetic molecule. Thus, Thiazolidinedione (1) was refluxed with aromatic aldehydes and phenol derivatives to afforded aryldine derivative (3). Moreover, the stereochemistry for compound 3 was discussed using Hartree-Fock theory geometries, and have been optimized at HF with 6-311G level of theory. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap of studied systems has been discussed. The molecular docking simulations into the active site of ALR2 were performed, and showed that, the compound 3 more suitable inhibitor against ALR2 and can used as anti- diabetic drug

The Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Presented and Returned Checks in Jordan

The purpose of this study is to investigates the effect of global financial crisis (GFC) on the presented and returned checks in Jordan i.e. cause-affect perspective research. The imperial data were collected from the Jordanian Department of Statistics, Central Bank of Jordan, and New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) market data base; the data covered 15 years from 1999 to 2013 to run the analysis. A Bivariate Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regressions were used to test the relationships between GFC and presented and returned checks and the effect GFC on presented and returned checks. A Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis shows that there is a strong significant correlation between presented checks and returned checks. Also, it shows that there is a significant relationship between Dow Jones market drop and increased presented checks. However, it shows that there is no significant correlation between Dow Jones drop and the returned checks. The multiple regressions show that there is a positive effect for GFC on presented checks for clearance in Jordan, and there is a negative effect for GFC on returned checks in Jordan. Generalizing Jordanian results to other countries may be questionable. Therefore, this study recommends extending the analysis to other Arab countries to mitigate the issue of generalizing conclusions on other countries. This study also may be considered as an initiative study which considered the effect of GFC on presented and return checks in Jordan.

The occurrence and significance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from some meat products in Sohag city.

Contamination of meat and meat products with pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms is one of the most important challenges facing the meat industry that results in a range of human health problems and economic losses. This work aimed to identify the occurrence of Pseudomonas spp. especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in some processed and ready-to-eat meat products in Sohag governorate. A total of 200 random meat product samples; minced beef meat, luncheon, burger, and sausage (50 of each) were purchased from different markets in Sohag governorate, Egypt over a period of 12 months from November 2020 to October 2021. Pseudomonas spp. was suspected in 32 (15%) of the meat products examined samples using the colony morphology on Cetrimide agar, represented as follows; 30%, 18%, 6%, and 10% in minced beef meat, luncheon burger, and sausage, respectively. Using the morphological and biochemical methods, P. aeruginosa was suspected in 12 isolates (37.5%) with an incidence of 12/200 (6%) of the total examined samples. The PCR results revealed that only 8/12 (66.7%) of the suspected isolates encoded the 16S rDNA gene of P. aeruginosa with an incidence of 4% of the total examined samples, 4 (50%) of which were detected in the minced beef meat samples, 2 (25%) in the sausage samples while in the luncheon and burger P. aeruginosa was identified in only 1 sample (12.5%) for each

Combined trans-arterial chemoembolization with microwave ablation for single large hepatocellular carcinoma

Background: Hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered to be one of the most common malignancies worldwide. In Egypt a high incidence rate of HCC has been reported with a strong association between chronic HCV infection, cirrhosis and HCC. Therapeutic strategies in HCC should concentrate on early detection and screening in individuals at risk. There are multiple strategies in the treatment of HCC including: transplantation, resection, ablation, and embolization. Objective: This study aimed to use combined trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and microwave ablation (MWA) in the management of large HCC for better outcome.Patients and Methods: In our study, we used TACE combined with MWA for group of patients having single large HCC more than 5 cm. TACE was done first followed by MWA after one month then doing Triphasic CT to evaluate the effect of treatment and assessment of the response according to mRECIST criteria.Results: TACE combined with MWA had good effect in managing large HCC and reduced recurrence rate and thus reduced the need for multiple sessions of TACE. Conclusion: Combined TACE/MWA technique is a simple, effective, and less expensive with a low morbidity rate compared to surgical or other combined treatments

Deciphering the Potential Therapeutic Intervention Points of 2019-nCoV: A Pharmacological Perspective

The emerging and re-emergence of viral outbreaks in the history of mankind has always pose severe global intimidation to public health and economy. The debilitating effects of 2019-nCoV (2019 novel coronavirus) outbreak has swiftly spread worldwide due to its highly contagious nature with severe risk of respiratory tract infections and higher mortality rate, necessitating the urgent need for the production of effective vaccine and potential therapeutic agents. The active evolution of SARS-CoV-2 strain in different population and environment strive immense challenge against anti-viral therapeutic development based on viral pathogenicity. The potential FDA drugs are evaluated based on their known safety and efficacy with exceptional pharmacokinetic profiles for the treatment of nCoV-2019. Existing knowledge related to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV epidemic has provided a better understanding to explore purposeful therapeutics strategies against novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). To limited extend, the ongoing promising and hopeful treatments includes convalescent plasma therapy, remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, ACE inhibitors, TMPRSS2 inhibitors, hydroxychloroquine, interferon, ribavirin, tocilizumab, and corticosteroids however clinical efficacy of some of them need to be validated in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The global struggle to make a protected and successful Coronavirus immunization is finally proving to be fruitful. Although challenges such as strain variation resistant, possible side effects, adequate supply of vaccines to all countries and limited availability of second dose still diverting the option of possible efficacious therapeutics strategies to work alongside with vaccine development with improved efficacy and safety profile. This review is focused on the potential advancement in therapeutic approaches with possible repurposing of the available drugs and explores the current status of available vaccines with hope that these strategies found to be cogent in controlling SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); Remdesivir; Therapeutics; Plasma therapy; Hydroxychloroquine; Anti-viral; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; Type II transmembrane serine protease    

Isolation and molecular characterization of cry gene for Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from soil of gaza strip

Bacillus thuringiensis, insecticide, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), crystalline protein, Cry gene, Gaza strip. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a rod-shaped, gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, and spore-forming bacterium (Konecka et al., 2007). During sporulation, it produces insecticidal proteins, which are deposited within the sporangium as crystalline aggregates (Crickomre et al., 1998

Immunophenotyping of chronic B-cell neoplasms: flow cytometry versus immunohistochemistry

Morphological differentiation between benign and malignant lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) can be challenging. Immunophenotyping (IPT) by either technique, flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry (IHC), is an important step in solving such difficulty. Thirty-five newly diagnosed patients with chronic B-cell neoplasms (11 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 22 non Hodgkin lymphoma and 2 hairy cell leukemia) were included in this study with age range from 20 to 70 years. Monoclonal antibodies surface expression using lymphoproliferative disorders panel (CD45, CD19, CD5, CD10, CD11c, CD20, CD22, CD23, CD38, CD79b, FMC7, CD103, CD25, kappa and lambda light chains) by flow cytometry was done on bone marrow samples. CD20, CD5, CD23, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, kappa and lambda light chain immunostaining were performed on fixed bone marrow trephine biopsy specimen. The sensitivity of IHC was 81.8% in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 100% in non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) as regards CD20, 100% in both groups as regards CD5, 46% in CLL and 66.7% in NHL as regards CD23, 33.3% in CLL and 50% in NHL as regards kappa chain, 20% in CLL and 33.3% in NHL as regards lambda chain. We found that IHC and flow cytometry are equally effective in diagnosing CLL; however, IHC might be slightly more sensitive than flow cytometry in detecting bone marrow infiltration in NHL and hairy cell leukemia (HCL)