Сurrent problems in energetic materials ignition studies

Several problems of ignition of energetic materials (EMs), which are able to burn in the absence of an external oxidizer, are discussed in this chapter. Scientific investigation of the EMs ignition has started at the end 1930th when the first field missiles (Katyusha) were developed in the USSR. Later the investigations were actively performed in USA and Europe but despite rather long history there still remain unsolved problems related to complete description of nonstationary transition to self-sustaining combustion, correct determination of the ignition moment, determination of the EM high-temperature reaction kinetics, etc. In the early studies, the limiting cases of the EM ignition solely due to exothermic reactions either in the condensed or gas phase were investigated but later it was revealed that formany EMs such reactions can proceed simultaneously in both phases. This implies the necessity of analyzing the ignition mechanisms involving reactions in the condensed as well as in the gas phase. In this chapter, the attention is paid to theoretical description of transient burning rate behavior of the EMs exothermically reacting in both phases, to the formulation of ignition criterion and to the experimental methods of measuring transient burning rate. In addition, the problems of correct determination of the EMs high-temperature kinetics are discussed as well as the problems of ignition of EMs with shielded reacting surface (opaque and semitransparent substances). Obviously, due to restricted volume, the chapter could not answer all questions but its content may become useful for researchers working in this field in order to better understand state of the art of EMs ignition studies and better plan some future researches in this direction

Investigating Fatty Acid Composition of Samples were Homogenized Various Meat and Offal Products from Turkey

The aim of the present study was to compare the fatty acid composition, PUFA:SFA ratio, n6/n3 ratio, and TFA of different farm animal meats and offal products. These products were collected at a regional farm in Istanbul which is the most populous city in Turkey. The results of fatty acid composition analysis indicated that the major fatty acids of C16:0 (18.00-29.35 %), C18:0 (4.10-29.71 %), C18:1 (29.21-57.30 %), and C18:2 (1.37-18.60 %) were found in the samples. The total saturated fatty acids, total monounsaturated fatty acids and total polyunsaturated fatty acids content of the samples ranged between 30.00 and 61.83 %, 32.24 and 57.80 %, and 1.64 and 23.60 %, respectively (p < 0.05). Except for turkey abdominal fat, TFA content in all other samples showed a variation between 0.10 and 3.36 %. The PUFA:SFA ratio was higher in turkey meat (0.64) and was lower in sheep kidney fat (0.02). Moreover, the n6/n3 PUFA ratio changed between 2.90 and 22.28 (p < 0.05)