Ассоциация полиморфизмов генов TCF7L2, FABP2, KCNQ1, ADIPOQ с прогнозом развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа

Цель. Изучить возможность использования в популяции г. Новосибирска в качестве маркеров прогноза развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа (СД 2) полиморфизмов генов TCF7L2, FABP2, KCNQ1, ADIPOQ. Материалы и методы. На основе проспективного наблюдения репрезентативной популяционной выборки жителей Новосибирска (HAPIEE) сформированы 2 группы по принципу «случай–контроль» (случай – лица, у которых за 10 лет наблюдения выявлен СД 2, и контроль – лица, у которых за 10-летний период не развились нарушения углеводного обмена). Группа СД 2 (n=443, средний возраст 56,2±6,7 года, мужчины – 29,6%, женщины – 70,4%), группа контроля (n=532, средний возраст 56,1±7,1 года, мужчины – 32,7%, женщины – 67,3%). ДНК выделена методом фенол-хлороформной экстракции. Генотипирование выполнено методом полимеразной цепной реакции с последующим анализом полиморфизма длин рестрикционных фрагментов, полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией. Статистическая обработка проведена с использованием программного пакета SPSS 16.0. Результаты и обсуждение. Не обнаружено значимого влияния rs1799883 гена FABP2, rs2237892 гена KCNQ1 и rs6773957 гена ADIPOQ на риск развития СД 2. Генотипы ТТ и TC rs7903146 гена TCF7L2 являются генотипами риска развития СД 2 (относительный риск – ОР 3,90, 95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 2,31–6,61, р<0,001; ОР 1,86, 95% ДИ 1,42–2,43, р<0,001 соответственно). Генотип СС rs7903146 гена TCF7L2 ассоциирован с протективным эффектом в отношении СД 2 (ОР 0,37, 95% ДИ 0,29–0,49, р<0,001). При включении в модель оценки риска развития СД 2 rs7903146 гена TCF7L2 он сохраняет свою значимость и у мужчин, и у женщин. Заключение. Полиморфизм rs7903146 гена TCF7L2 подтвердил свою ассоциацию с прогнозом развития СД 2, что указывает на возможность его рассмотрения в качестве кандидата на внесение в рискометр СД 2. Разработаны варианты рискометров для оценки прогноза развития СД 2 у мужчин и женщин в возрасте 45–69 лет в течение 10 лет наблюдения. Ассоциация с прогнозом развития СД 2 полиморфизмов rs1799883 гена FABP2, rs2237892 гена KCNQ1 и rs6773957 гена ADIPOQ – не обнаружена. // Aim. To study the possibility of using polymorphisms of genes TCF7L2, FABP2, KCNQ1, ADIPOQ as markers for predicting the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in the population of Novosibirsk. Materials and methods. On the basis of prospective observation of a representative population sample of residents of Novosibirsk (HAPIEE), 2 groups were formed according to the “case-control” principle (case – people who had diabetes mellitus 2 over 10 years of observation, and control – people who did not developed disorders of carbohydrate metabolism). T2D group (n=443, mean age 56.2±6.7 years, men – 29.6%, women – 70.4%), control group (n=532, mean age 56.1±7.1 years, men – 32.7%, women – 67.3%). DNA was isolated by phenol-chloroform extraction. Genotyping was performed by the method of polymerase chain reaction with subsequent analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism, polymerase chain reaction in real time. Statistical processing was carried out using the SPSS 16.0 software package. Results and discussion. No significant effect of rs1799883 of the FABP2 gene, rs2237892 of the KCNQ1 gene, and rs6773957 of the ADIPOQ gene on the risk of developing T2D was found. Genotypes TT and TC rs7903146 of the TCF7L2 gene are genotypes for the risk of developing T2D (relative risk – RR 3.90, 95% confidence interval – CI 2.31–6.61, p<0.001; RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.42–2.43, p<0.001, respectively). The CC genotype rs7903146 of the TCF7L2 gene is associated with a protective effect against T2D (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.29–0.49, p<0.001). When the TCF7L2 gene is included in the model for assessing the risk of developing T2D rs7903146, it retains its significance in both men and women. Conclusion. The rs7903146 polymorphism of the TCF7L2 gene confirmed its association with the prognosis of the development of T2D, which indicates the possibility of considering it as a candidate for inclusion in a diabetes risk meter. Variants of risk meters have been developed to assess the prognosis of the development of diabetes mellitus 2 in men and women aged 45–69 years during 10 years of followup. The association with the prognosis of the development of T2D polymorphisms rs1799883 of the FABP2 gene, rs2237892 of the KCNQ1 gene and rs6773957 of the ADIPOQ gene was not found

Electric-field controlled ferromagnetism in MnGe magnetic quantum dots

Electric-field control of ferromagnetism in magnetic semiconductors at room temperature has been actively pursued as one of the important approaches to realize practical spintronics and non-volatile logic devices. While Mn-doped III-V semiconductors were considered as potential candidates for achieving this controllability, the search for an ideal material with high Curie temperature (Tc>300 K) and controllable ferromagnetism at room temperature has continued for nearly a decade. Among various dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs), materials derived from group IV elements such as Si and Ge are the ideal candidates for such materials due to their excellent compatibility with the conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Here, we review recent reports on the development of high-Curie temperature Mn0.05Ge0.95 quantum dots (QDs) and successfully demonstrate electric-field control of ferromagnetism in the Mn0.05Ge0.95 quantum dots up to 300 K. Upon the application of gate-bias to a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor, the ferromagnetism of the channel layer (i.e. the Mn0.05Ge0.95 quantum dots) was modulated as a function of the hole concentration. Finally, a theoretical model based upon the formation of magnetic polarons has been proposed to explain the observed field controlled ferromagnetism

The cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and some new opportunities for the prediction of negative drug interaction in vivo

Dmitrij A Sychev,1 Ghulam Md Ashraf,2 Andrey A Svistunov,3 Maksim L Maksimov,4 Vadim V Tarasov,3 Vladimir N Chubarev,3 Vitalij A Otdelenov,1 Natal&rsquo;ja P Denisenko,1 George E Barreto,5,6 Gjumrakch Aliev7&ndash;9 1Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Studies, Moscow, Russia; 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; 4Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education &laquo;Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education&raquo; of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kazan State Medical Academy, Volga Region, Kazan, Russia; 5Departamento de Nutrici&oacute;n y Bioqu&iacute;mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&aacute; D.C., Colombia; 6Instituto de Ciencias Biom&eacute;dicas, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; 7GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA; 8School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, USA; 9Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia Abstract: Cytochrome (CYP) 450 isoenzymes are the basic enzymes involved in Phase I biotransformation. The most important role in biotransformation belongs to CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2. Inhibition and induction of CYP isoenzymes caused by drugs are important and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic mechanisms of drug interaction. Investigation of the activity of CYP isoenzymes by using phenotyping methods (such as the determination of the concentration of specific substrates and metabolites in biological fluids) during drug administration provides the prediction of negative side effects caused by drug interaction. In clinical practice, the process of phenotyping of CYP isoenzymes and some endogenous substrates in the ratio of cortisol to 6&beta;-hydroxycortisol in urine for the evaluation of CYP3A4 activity has been deemed to be a quite promising, safe and minimally invasive method for patients nowadays. Keywords: cytochrome CYP450, drug interaction, drug metabolism, phenotypin

The cytochrome P450 isoenzyme and some new opportunities for the prediction of negative drug interaction in vivo

Dmitrij A Sychev,1 Ghulam Md Ashraf,2 Andrey A Svistunov,3 Maksim L Maksimov,4 Vadim V Tarasov,3 Vladimir N Chubarev,3 Vitalij A Otdelenov,1 Natal&rsquo;ja P Denisenko,1 George E Barreto,5,6 Gjumrakch Aliev7&ndash;9 1Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Studies, Moscow, Russia; 2King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; 4Branch Campus of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Further Professional Education &laquo;Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education&raquo; of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Kazan State Medical Academy, Volga Region, Kazan, Russia; 5Departamento de Nutrici&oacute;n y Bioqu&iacute;mica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogot&aacute; D.C., Colombia; 6Instituto de Ciencias Biom&eacute;dicas, Universidad Aut&oacute;noma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; 7GALLY International Biomedical Research Consulting LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA; 8School of Health Science and Healthcare Administration, University of Atlanta, Johns Creek, GA, USA; 9Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia Abstract: Cytochrome (CYP) 450 isoenzymes are the basic enzymes involved in Phase I biotransformation. The most important role in biotransformation belongs to CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP1A2. Inhibition and induction of CYP isoenzymes caused by drugs are important and clinically relevant pharmacokinetic mechanisms of drug interaction. Investigation of the activity of CYP isoenzymes by using phenotyping methods (such as the determination of the concentration of specific substrates and metabolites in biological fluids) during drug administration provides the prediction of negative side effects caused by drug interaction. In clinical practice, the process of phenotyping of CYP isoenzymes and some endogenous substrates in the ratio of cortisol to 6&beta;-hydroxycortisol in urine for the evaluation of CYP3A4 activity has been deemed to be a quite promising, safe and minimally invasive method for patients nowadays. Keywords: cytochrome CYP450, drug interaction, drug metabolism, phenotypin