РАЗРАБОТКА ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕСТ-СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ РАННЕЙ НЕИНВАЗИВНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ РАКА ПРОСТАТЫ, ОСНОВАННОЙ НА КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ДЕТЕКЦИИ МРНК ГЕНА PCA3 В ОСАДКЕ МОЧИ МЕТОДОМ ОТ-ПЦР В РЕЖИМЕ РЕАЛЬНОГО ВРЕМЕНИ

The wide introduction of prostatic specific antigen (PSA) determination into clinical practice has resulted in a larger number of prostate biopsies, while the lower age threshold for PSA has led to a larger number of unnecessary prostate biopsies. Hence, there is a need for new biomarkers that can detect prostate cancer. РCА3 is a noncoding messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that is expressed exclusively in prostate cells.  The aim of the study  has been to develop a diagnostic test system for early non-invasive detection of prostate cancer based on PCA3 mRNA levels in urine sediment using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). As part of the study, a laboratory diagnostic test system prototype has been designed, an application methodology has been developed and specificity and sensitivity data of the method has been assessed. The diagnostic system has demonstrated its ability to detect significantly elevated levels of PCA 3/ KLK 3 in samples from prostate cancer (PCa) patients compared with those from healthy men. The findings have shown relatively high diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and negative-predictive values for an early non-invasive screening of prostate cancerШирокое внедрение в клиническую практику определения содержания простатического специфического антигена (ПСА) привело к увеличению числа выполняемых биопсий простаты, а снижение порога возрастных норм ПСА — к увеличению числа неоправданных биопсий. В связи с этим возникла необходимость в новых биомаркерах рака предстательной железы. РСА3 — некодирующая мРНК, которая экспрессируется исключительно клетками предстательной железы. Целью данной работы было разработать диагностическую тест-систему для ранней неинвазивной диагностики рака простаты, основанной на количественной детекции мРНК гена РСА3 в осадке мочи методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) в режиме реального времени сопряженной с обратной транскрипцией (ОТ). В результате был создан лабораторный образец диагностической ПЦР-тест-системы и отработана методика его применения. Получены данные о специфичности и чувствительности разработанного метода. Показана способность диагностической системы выявлять значительное превышение параметра PCA3/KLK3 в образцах биоматериала, полученного от больных раком простаты, по сравнению с образцами от здоровых индивидуумов. В ходе проведенных исследований установлены достаточно высокие показатели диагностической чувствительности, специфичности и негативной предсказательной ценности для раннего неинвазивного скринингово обнаружения рака предстательной железы. 

Some factors affecting the health of schoolchildren

The level of complaints of senior pupils is certain on functional disorders of organism. In research took part 165 student of 9 and 11 classes. Causal consequence connections are found out between the signs of disorder of functions of organism for schoolboys and reasons their defiant. It is set that the high level of complaints is related to activity of the nervous system. Complaints are marked about head pains after the mental loadings, fatigue ability during an educational process, heavy wake at mornings. In an individual order it is recommended every schoolboy will appeal to the type medical specialist

Digitalization as a factor in the development of innovative technologies in the fuel and energy complex of Russia

The purpose of this study is to identify the main trends in the use of digitalization achievements in the fuel and energy complex of Russia and ways to stimulate innovative technologies by reducing the risks of “digital” projects in modern conditions. The object of research is the role of digitalization in the development of innovative technologies. The subject of the study is the specific features of the introduction of digitalization to stimulate the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set: 1) to analyze the fundamental trends in the use of digitalization achievements in the fuel and energy complex of Russia; 2) to identify the results of the introduction of modern digital technologies and the role of digitalization in the innovative development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia in modern conditions. The mechanism of risk reduction in the implementation of “digital” projects to stimulate innovation in the fuel and energy complex of Russia is proposed

FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION OF TERRORISM

The purpose of the study is to identify fundamental elements in the structure of the definition of terrorism based on the application of the endogenous-exogenous approach, as well as determine their necessity and sufficiency when defining an action as a manifestation of terrorism. The research methodology is a retrospective analysis of the essence and content of the structure of the definition of terrorism. A holistic system-integrated approach makes it possible to identify and substantiate the key elements that are leading and led in the process of defining an action as a manifestation of terrorism. The application of the method of mathematical modeling makes it possible to build a mathematical model that describes the structure of the definition of terrorism. As the main results of the study necessary and sufficient elements of the definition of terrorism, their classification, which contributes to the appropriate definition of certain actions as a manifestation of terrorism, and the construction of a mathematical model that describes the structure of the definition of terrorism are identified. The results will provide significant assistance in organizing antiterrorist activities in the modern world and help build a system for countering terrorist threats of the 21st century. The use of the results of the study is also possible in the process of expert assessment of projects and existing regulatory legal acts in the field of antiterrorist activities. The novelty of the study and its results are determined by an original approach to identifying and classifying elements in the structure of the definition of terrorism characteristic of terrorism of the 21st century, dividing them into two groups: endogenous and exogenous, as well as a developed mathematical model describing the structure of the definition of terrorism, which makes it possible to establish the interdependence between an action and the attribution of this action to a manifestation of terrorism

Retinoblastoma. Part 1. Clinical presentations and diagnostic tools

Retinoblastoma. Part 1. Clinical presentations and diagnostic tools S.V. Ivanova1, S.A. Kuleva1, N.N. Sadovnikova2, M.I. Komissarov2, M.N. Chistyakova2, A.V. Khokhlova1, N.A. Shchegoleva3 1N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, &nbsp;Russian Federation 2St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 3K.A. Rauchfuss St. Petersburg Children’s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center of High Medical Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Retinoblastoma is one of the most common retinal tumors in young children. At the time of primary diagnosis, mean age is no more than 1.5 years. The association between tumor development and the loss of both alleles of RB1 gene is well-established. Mutations in the RB1 gene result in the complete inactivation of retinoblastoma protein expression and, therefore, uncontrolled cell proliferation and generation of tumor cell clone. There are two types of retinoblastoma, i.e., hereditary and sporadic. This paper describes in detail clinical epidemiological characteristics of hereditary and sporadic retinoblastoma and major clinical signs (in particular, one of the most early and common symptoms, leukocoria). Histology of malignant tumor and its benign precursor is addressed. Current classification systems of intraocular retinoblastoma are based on tumor extent being required to specify clear indications for organ preservation treatment. Modern diagnostic tools for retinoblastoma are discussed as well. Eye fundus examination is the gold standard but has some specifics in young children. Other important imaging techniques in retinoblastoma are sonography, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Keywords: children, retinoblastoma, heredity, retinoblastoma gene, pathomorphology, leukocoria, ophthalmoscopy, sonography. For citation: Ivanova S.V., Kuleva S.A., Sadovnikova N.N. et al. Retinoblastoma. Part 1. Clinical presentations and diagnostic tools. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(3):159–164. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-3-159-164. <br

Retinoblastoma. Part 2.&nbsp; Treatment strategies for intraocular retinoblastoma

S.V. Ivanova1, S.A. Kuleva1, N.N. Sadovnikova2, M.I. Komissarov2, M.N. Chistyakova2,&nbsp; A.V. Khokhlova1, N.A. Shchegoleva3 1N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg,&nbsp; &nbsp;Russian Federation 2St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation 3K.A. Rauchfuss St. Petersburg Children’s City Multidisciplinary Clinical Center of High Medical&nbsp;Technologies, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation Retinoblastoma is one of the most common retinal tumors in young children. Current early diagnostic and treatment strategies focus on the possibility to implement eye-preserving therapies. The 5-year overall survival for children with retinoblastoma is now 100%. First-line eye removal is recommended in extensive intraocular seeding and poor visual prognosis. The volume of adjuvant therapy is based on the histological risk factors for disease progression. This paper discusses the algorithms to determine risk factors and further systemic treatment strategy in several large study groups. Eye and even vision preservation is now possible in at least 65–75% of retinoblastoma patients. The paper also describes in detail the methods of locally administering chemotherapy which are considered eye-preserving treatment options, i.e., selective intra-arterial chemotherapy and intravitreal chemotherapy. Various physical methods of eye-preserving treatment which underwent significant deve lopment over the past decade are highlighted. In conclusion, the authors emphasize that retinoblastoma survivors, their siblings and offspring should be carefully monitored. Keywords: children, retinoblastoma, enucleation, polychemotherapy, selective intra-arterial chemotherapy, intravitreal chemotherapy, laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, monitoring. For citation:&nbsp;Ivanova S.V., Kuleva S.A., Sadovnikova N.N. et al. Retinoblastoma. Part 2.&nbsp; Treatment strategies for intraocular retinoblastoma. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2020;20(4):197–203. DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2020-20-4-197-203. </p