Relationship Between Extrusion Conditions and System Parameters of Extrusion Cooking of Cassava and Soybean Blends: Application of Response Surface Analysis

Blends of cassava flour and partially defatted soybean four were processed in a single-screw extruder. Experimental design with feed moisture (FM)(16, 20, 24 gwater/100g flour), amount of soybean (10–30 gsoybean/100g flour) and barrel temperature (120, 145, 170 oC) as independent variables produced 17 different combinations that were studied using Box-Behnken Design of response surface methodology to investigate the effect of these variables on extruder system parameters, namely, product temperature (PT), residence time (RT), machine throughput (MT) and specific mechanical energy (SME). The recorded values for all responses varied from 121 to 175 oC, 42.34 to 65.11 seconds, 3.65 to 4.56 and 159.01 to 213.63kJ/kg, respectively.  Second-order polynomials were used to model the extruder responses as a function of process variables. All three variables affected responses significantly especially their linear terms (P<0.05) and all the fitted models were all significant (P<0.05) and correlated with experimental data (R2 ³ 0.934). Keywords: Cassava flour, Soybean flour, Product temperature, Residence time, Machine throughput, Specific mechanical energy

Serospositivity of Hepatitis B and C among Blood Donors in Private Laboratories in Lagos Nigeria

Background:. Difficulties in meeting demand of blood transfusion by government hospitals have dictated the need for patronizing laboratories by both government and private hospitals.Objective: The study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence HBsAg and hepatitis C Virus of blood donors in private laboratories in Lagos Nigeria.Result: A total of 315 participants were used for this work 298 were male (94.6%) Seventeen (17) 5.4%were females.  4.8% tested positive for HBsAg. Male constitute 80% prevalence of the positive group. Analysis of gender related prevalence of HBsAg showed that prevalence was higher in females (17.3%) than males (4%).prevalence of 1.5%.was Hepatitis C (HVC Ab).positive participants are in the age range of 21-30.Conclusion:  The result revealed a decline in prevalence of viral hepatitis among voluntary blood donors in Lagos Nigeria. Key words: hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, blood donor

Review of electrodeposition perspectives towards anticorrosion mitigation of mild steel

The study of corrosion is vital to reducing the overhead costs in the manufacturing industries. However, finding suitable application methods for prevention is a concern due to manufacturer specification and resource investment procedure. The coating is recognized as one of the foremost ways of applying resistance to corrosion damage. Electrodeposition is a unique technology because of its fine control of the chemical properties, mechanical strengthening behavior, and structural evolution over time. Thus, these overview studies discuss the possible protective coatings, corrosion as a major problem and its protection methods, electrodeposition process, and inherent characteristics. It intricacy of mild steel structural responses and its efficacy was also established

Catch Composition of Dipteran flies in Old Oyo National Park, Nigeria

Dipteran flies play significant role in disease transmission to human, domestic and wild animals. The distribution and diversity of dipteran flies of medical and veterinary importance in Old Oyo national park and its significant importance were assessed in relation to altitude and ecology. Twelve Nzi traps were set at 50 m equidistance to capture dipteran flies between February and August 2019. A total of 1529 dipteran flies belonging to five families were captured. More dipteran flies (64.9%) were trapped during the dry season than wet season (35.1%) (X2 = 270.8; P < 0.0001; OR = 3.41). Of the total flies caught, 289 representing 18.9% were identified as haematophagus flies. Differences in the total haematophagus fly 2 abundance was not significant across the altitudinal levels (X2 = 0.432; P = 0.511; OR = 1.13). The relative apparent density (RAD) of 0.47, 0.22, 0.13, 0.09, 0.07 and 0.03 (flies/trap/day) was observed in Glossina, Hippobosca, Tabanus, Haematopota, Chrysops, Ancala and, respectively. The diversity index of 0.55 and 0.76 were determined for Glossina spp. and Tabanids respectively. The non-blood sucking flies in order of abundance are Musca domestica (43.6%), Fanniacanicularis (41.9%), Chrysomyia bezziana (8.9%), Lucilia sericata (5.6%). If the value-chain of ecotourism is to be promoted in the park, vector-borne arthropods need to be controlled through the use of integrated methods. Keywords: Ecological survey, haematophagus flies, Old Oyo national Park, RA

Influence of cashew steaming on the quality attributes of cashew-pawpaw mixed fruit juice

Cashew is a tree crop that is valued for its nuts, with the fleshy fruits (cashew apple) receiving little attention due to its high acidity. In this study, ascorbic acid, total solid, total soluble solid, pH, titratable acidity and microbial stability of cashew-pawpaw juice prepared by mixing varying proportions (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50) of raw or steamed cashew and pawpaw puree were evaluated. Increased in ascorbic acid (10.20-23.96 mg/100 g), total solid (8.03-12.37%), total soluble solid (1.37-3.5%) and pH (3.68-4.65) were recorded for the cashew-pawpaw juice samples. The titratable acidity (TTA) of the juice samples decreases (0.39-0.19%) with increasing amount of pawpaw puree in the juice blends. Total yeast and total coliform were not detected in the juice samples, however, the juice had low (1 × 105 - 1.5 × 105 log10 cfu/ml) total viable count. Cashew-pawpaw juice blend prepared from 50% raw cashew juice and pawpaw puree was highly rated in terms of taste, colour, flavor and overall acceptance. In conclusion, acceptable low acid juice that is also rich in ascorbic acid can be produced from blend of raw cashew and pawpaw puree. Keywords: Cashew juice; Pawpaw puree; Physicochemical properties; Steamed cashew; Vitamin C

Optimization of important production factors of a non-alcoholic beverage from roselle calyx, sorghum stem sheath and local spices

RSM was used to optimize the important processing variables for a non-alcoholic beverage (NAB) from roselle calyx, sorghum stem sheath and two local spices. A CCRD consisting of six variables reduced to five for mathematical convenience [Roselle Calyx/Sorghum Stem Sheath, (RC/SSS, 0-75/25-100 g), ginger (0-1.50 g/100ml), Alligator Pepper (AP, 0-1.50 g/100ml), Extraction Temperature (ET, 80-100oC) and Time of Extraction (TOE, 20-40 min)] with five coded levels (-2,-1, 0, +1, +2) were studied with two replications, making 54 experiments. Mathematical models were developed for the responses [Vitamin C (VC), Total Carotenoids (TC), 1, 1 -Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Total Phenols (TP), pH, Total Titratable Acidity (TTA)] for making a prediction during NAB production. Storage stability indices [pH, VC, TTA, Total Viable (TVC) and coliform counts] of the beverage were monitored for 28 days. The optimum processing variables were RC/SSS, 66.67 g/33.33 g; ginger, 0.375 g/100ml; AP, 0.375 g/100ml; ET, 85°C; and TOE, 35 min, yielding actual values of 15.33, 1757.2, 0.306 (mg/100ml), 89.21% for VC, TC, TP and DPPH respectively. The developed mathematical models for the measured responses could be successfully used for their prediction during non-alcoholic beverage production with a correlation coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.84-0.99. Reduction in pH (4.98-2.66) and VC (15.33 -12.69 mg/100 ml) were observed while TTA increased (1.70-5.02%) during storage. There was no coliform growth throughout the storage period, however, after 7 days, TVC was 7x102 CFU/ml

Determination of moisture-dependent physical and thermal properties of jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) related to design of processing machines

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of the moisture content on physical properties; axial dimension, seed volume, surface area, arithmetic and geometric mean diameter, aspect ratio, sphericity, true and bulk density, angle of repose and static coefficient of friction, and thermal properties; specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of Jack beans seeds. The properties were evaluated at six levels of moisture ranged from 10.12% to 30.51% d.b. The physical properties are: major, minor and intermediate diameter (19.42 to 20.78mm, 13.92 to 14.59 mm and 13.92 to 14.59 mm), surface area (152.2 to 167.2mm2), seed volume (446.9 to 595.2mm3), arithmetic mean (14.42 to 15.72mm), geometric mean (13.53 to 14.87mm), sphericity (0.696 to 0.716), aspect ratio (0.72 to 0.70), bulk density (0.677 to 0.376 kg/m3), true density ( 0.55 to 0.94 kg/m3), angle of repose (30.63° to 37.18°), static coefficient of friction for each surface (0.417 to 0.625, 0.438 to 0.692 and 0.357 to 0.459) for aluminium, plywood and glass, respectively. The thermal properties are: thermal conductivity (1.5350 to 4.9295 W/mK), thermal diffusivity (2.82 × 10-5 to 5.63 × 10-5 m2/s), and specific heat (1.3747 to 1.8912 kJ/kgK). The experimental data were satisfactorily fitted as functions of the moisture content using empirical models. Within the range of moisture levels considered, moisture content exhibits a significant great influence on the studied properties.Keywords: Axial dimensions, Jack bean, moisture content, physical properties, thermal propertie

Human parvovirus B19 infection in patients with sickle cell anemia in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Lagos, South West, Nigeria

No AbstractKeywords: Parvovirus B19 IgG, Parvovirus B19 IgM, Elisa, sickle cell anaemia, seroprevalenc

Pattern of intestinal helminthiasis among under five children and their family members in Ilesa West Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

Background: Intestinal helminthiasis is one of the most common infestations worldwide, especially among the poorest communities of the developing world. The disease burden of intestinal helminthiasis is as great as those of tuberculosis (34.7 million Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALYs) and malaria (46.5 million DALYs). It has significant adverse impact on the growth and cognitive development of children especially those less than five years who make up 10 to 20 percent of the two billion people who are infested with helminths. A number of studies have identified some of the risk factors for helminth infestation among school-aged children but relatively little work has been done on helminth infestation among children aged less than five years. It was therefore necessary to embark on this study, with the aim of studying the pattern of intestinal helminthiasis among under five children and their family members in Ilesa West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional survey of 340 children under five years, and their caregivers was conducted in Ilesa with a pretested interviewer administered structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were examined using the kato-katz technique.Results: Stool was positive for helminths among 81 (23.8%) study subjects and in 73 (21.5%) families, another family member was helminth infected. Majority (44, 54.3%) of infected children were females. Children in the age group 12 – 24 years (24, 29.6%) were the most affected. Intensity of infection was light (less than 1000 eggs per gram of stool) among study subjects and their family members. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred most frequently among study subjects (82.7%) and their family members (86.3%). Surprisingly, there was no mix infection in the study. Majority of the studied families belong to the higher socioeconomic class (228, 67.1%). Most mothers reported that they washed their hands before eating (99.1%), after using the toilet (94.4%) and after toileting for their children (79.4%).Conclusion: The frequency of helminth infection was found to be high among children under five years and their family members.Keywords: intestinal; helminthiasis; under-five; children; famil