l-Valine functionalized ionic liquid catalyzed esterification reaction under approach

Environmental eco-friendly condensation of carboxylic acids with alcohols proceeded smoothly to afford esters, by using the combination of a novel l-valine amido ethyl methyl imidazolium bromide [l-Vaemim]Br and DBU, under solvent free condition. This method features reusability of catalyst and reduced waste discharge

Microstructure, properties, and age hardening behavior of a thermomechanically processed ultralow-carbon cu-bearing high-strength steel

An ultralow-carbon steel alloyed with Ni, Mn, Mo, and Cu and microalloyed with Nb and Ti was subjected to a three-stage controlled rolling operation followed by water quenching. The effect of thermomechanical processing on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and age-hardening behavior of the steel was evaluated. The precipitation behavior of Cu at different aging temperatures was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The high strength values obtained in the present steel are due to the fine-lath martensite structure along with tiny precipitates of microalloying carbide and carbonitride of Ti and Nb at all finish rolling temperatures (FRTs). The increased strength value at the lower FRT is due to the finer lath width and packet size of martensite. The large TiN particles and the coarse martensite-austenite (MA) constituents impaired the impact-toughness value of the steel at subambient temperature. On aging at different temperatures, a wide variation in structure and properties has been obtained. At low aging temperatures, coherent Cu particles form and a peak strength is obtained due to the formation of fine ε-Cu precipitates. On increasing aging temperatures, the Cu particle size increases, with a simultaneous decrease in dislocation density in the matrix resulting in a continuous decrease in strength