41 research outputs found
Schistosoma mansoni egg-derived thioredoxin and Sm14 drive the development of IL-10 producing regulatory B cells
During chronic schistosome infections, a complex regulatory network is induced to regulate the host immune system, in which IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells play a significant role. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) are bound and internalized by B cells and induce both human and mouse IL-10 producing Breg cells. To identify Breg-inducing proteins in SEA, we fractionated SEA by size exclusion chromatography and found 6 fractions able to induce IL-10 production by B cells (out of 18) in the high, medium and low molecular weight (MW) range. The high MW fractions were rich in heavily glycosylated molecules, including multi-fucosylated proteins. Using SEA glycoproteins purified by affinity chromatography and synthetic glycans coupled to gold nanoparticles, we investigated the role of these glycan structures in inducing IL-10 production by B cells. Then, we performed proteomics analysis on active low MW fractions and identified a number of proteins with putative immunomodulatory properties, notably thioredoxin (SmTrx1) and the fatty acid binding protein Sm14. Subsequent splenic murine B cell stimulations and hock immunizations with recombinant SmTrx1 and Sm14 showed their ability to dose-dependently induce IL-10 production by B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Identification of unique Breg cells-inducing molecules may pave the way to innovative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.Author summaryWorm parasites, such as schistosomes, are master regulators of the human immune system, manipulating the host response in order to prolong their survival in their host. As a bystander effect, they also reduce immune responses to allergens and/or auto antigens, thus protecting their host against inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. One of the immune cells involved in immune regulation is the IL-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells. Schistosome eggs release various molecules that induce the development of Breg cells, but the identity of these molecules is not yet fully known. In this study, the authors aimed to identify some of these molecules. They investigated both the involvement of glycans on high molecular weight schistosomal egg molecules, as well as dissected the role of proteins with a lower molecular weight coming from schistosomal eggs. Using proteomics, they targeted various interesting molecules, which they recombinantly expressed and confirmed the IL-10 inducing capacity in B cells in vitro and in vivo for 2 molecules. This new knowledge may explain the hyporesponsiveness found in chronic schistosome-infected people and may pave the way to new innovative therapies for inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.Bio-organic Synthesi
Crystal-field anisotropy of Sm3+ in SmCo5
It is shown that the major contribution to the high uniaxial anisotropy of the compound SmCo5 arises from the action of crystalline and exchange fields on the Sm3+ ion
Influence of crystals fields on the magnetic form factor of samarium
It is calculated that crstal fields, with inclusion of mixing of higher multiplets into the ground J = 5/2 state, have a substantial effect on the magnetic form factor of Sm3+. From the neutron diffraction data obtained by Koehler and Moon for the cubic site in Sm metal it follows that the quartet Γ8 is lowest, with the sixth-order crystalline field parameter A6ritr6 positive. The conduction electron moment residing on Sm is estimated to be of the order of 0.4 μB
Crystal-field effects in the two-dimensional antiferromagnets K2FeF4 and K3Fe2F7
Mössbauer spectroscopy between 4.2 and 300 K combined with crystal-field calculations on Fe2+ have yielded information on the tetragonal crystal field and the spin-orbit coupling in the related structures K2FeF4 and K3Fe2F7. Below TN the electric-field gradient is asymmetric due to noncollinearity of the tetragonal and magnetic axes