5 research outputs found

    The Brazilian Consensus For The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Hyperthyroidism: Recommendations By The Thyroid Department Of The Brazilian Society Of Endocrinology And Metabolism [consenso Brasileiro Para O Diagnóstico E Tratamento Do Hipertireoidismo: RecomendaçÔes Do Departamento De Tireoide Da Sociedade Brasileira De Endocrinologia E Metabologia]

    No full text
    Introduction: Hyperthyroidism is characterized by increased synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis refers to the clinical syndrome resulting from excessive circulating thyroid hormones, secondary to hyperthyroidism or due to other causes. This article describes evidence-based guidelines for the clinical management of thyrotoxicosis. Objective: This consensus, developed by Brazilian experts and sponsored by the Department of Thyroid Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism, aims to address the management, diagnosis and treatment of patients with thyrotoxicosis, according to the most recent evidence from the literature and appropriate for the clinical reality of Brazil. Materials and methods: After structuring clinical questions, search for evidence was made available in the literature, initially in the database Medline, PubMed and Embase databases and subsequently in SciELO - Lilacs. The strength of evidence was evaluated by Oxford classification system was established from the study design used, considering the best available evidence for each question. Results: We have defined 13 questions about the initial clinical approach for the diagnosis and treatment that resulted in 53 recommendations, including the etiology, treatment with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine and surgery. We also addressed hyperthyroidism in children, teenagers or pregnant patients, and management of hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy and various other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Conclusions: The clinical diagnosis of hyperthyroidism usually offers no difficulty and should be made with measurements of serum TSH and thyroid hormones. The treatment can be performed with antithyroid drugs, surgery or administration of radioactive iodine according to the etiology of thyrotoxicosis, local availability of methods and preferences of the attending physician and patient.573205232Andrade, V.A., Gross, J.L., Maia, A.L., Effect of methimazole pretreatment on serum thyroid hormone levels after radioactive treatment in Graves' hyperthyroidism (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 84 (11), pp. 4012-4016Boelaert, K., Torlinska, B., Holder, R.L., Franklyn, J.A., Older subjects with hyperthyroidism present with a paucity of symptoms and signs: A large cross-sectional study (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 95 (6), pp. 2715-2726Nordyke, R.A., Gilbert Jr., F.I., Harada, A.S., Graves' disease. Influence of age on clinical findings (1988) Arch Intern Med., 148 (3), pp. 626-631Woeber, K.A., Thyrotoxicosis and the heart (1992) N Engl J Med., 327 (2), pp. 94-98de los Santos, E.T., Starich, G.H., Mazzaferri, E.L., Sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness of the sensitive thyrotropin assay in the diagnosis of thyroid disease in ambulatory patients (1989) Arch Intern Med., 149 (3), pp. 526-532Rajatanavi, R., Braverman, L.E., Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia (1983) J Endocrinol Invest., 6 (6), pp. 493-505Rajatanavin, R., Liberman, C., Lawrence, G.D., D'Arcangues, C.M., Young, R.A., Emerson, C.H., Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia and thyroxine-binding prealbumin excess in islet cell carcinoma (1985) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 61 (1), pp. 17-21Mariotti, S., Martino, E., Cupini, C., Lari, R., Giani, C., Baschieri, L., Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism factitia (1982) N Engl J Med., 307 (7), pp. 410-412Luton, D., le Gac, I., Vuillard, E., Castanet, M., Guibourdenche, J., Noel, M., Management of Graves' disease during pregnancy: The key role of fetal thyroid gland monitoring (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 90 (11), pp. 6093-6098Vos, X.G., Smit, N., Endert, E., Tijssen, J.G., Wiersinga, W.M., Frequency and characteristics of TBII-seronegative patients in a population with untreated Graves' hyperthyroidism: A prospective study (2008) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 69 (2), pp. 311-317Al-Shariff, A., Abujbara, A.A., Chiacchio, S., Ajlouni, K.M., Mariani, G., Contribution of radioiodine uptake measurement and thyroid scintigraphy to the differential diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis (2010) Hell J Nucl Med., 13 (2), pp. 132-137Baek, J.B., Lee, J.H., Valcavi, R., Pacella, C.M., Rhim, H., Gyu, D., Thermal ablation for benign thyroid nodules: Radiofrequency and laser (2011) Korean J Radiol., 12 (5), pp. 525-540Burch, H.B., Wartofsky, L., Life-threatening thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid storm (1993) Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am., 22 (2), pp. 263-277Akamizu, T., Satoh, T., Isozaki, O., Suzuki, A., Wakino, S., Iburi, T., Diagnostic criteria, clinical features, and incidence of thyroid storm based on nationwide surveys (2012) Thyroid., 22 (7), pp. 661-679Laurberg, P., Vestergaard, H., Nielsen, S., Christensen, S.E., Seefeldt, T., Helleberg, K., Sources of circulating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in hyperthyroidism estimated after blocking of type 1 and type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (2007) J Clin Endocrino Metab., 92 (6), pp. 2149-2156Giles, H.G., Roberts, E.A., Orrego, H., Sellers, E.M., Disposition of intravenous propylthiouracil (1981) J Clin Pharmacol., 21 (11-12 PART 1), pp. 466-471Nabil, N., Miner, D.J., Amatruda, J.M., Methimazole: An alternative route of administration (1982) J Clin Endocrino Metab., 54 (1), pp. 180-181Walter Jr., R.M., Bartle, W.R., Rectal administration of propylthiouracil in the treatment of Graves' disease (1990) Am J Med., 88 (1), pp. 69-70Yeung, S.C., Go, R., Balasubramanyam, A., Rectal administration of iodide and propylthiouracil in the treatment of thyroid storm (1995) Thyroid., 5 (5), pp. 403-405Jongjaroenprasert, W., Akarawut, W., Chantasart, D., Chailurkit, L., Rajatanavin, R., Rectal administration of propylthiouracil in hyperthyroid patients: Comparison of suspension enema and suppository form (2002) Thyroid., 12 (7), pp. 627-631Hodak, S.P., Huang, C., Clarke, D., Burman, K.D., Jonklaas, J., Janicic-Kharic, N., Intravenous methimazole in the treatment of refractory hyperthyroidism (2006) Thyroid., 16 (7), pp. 691-695Bogazzi, F., Martino, E., Dell'Unto, E., Brogioni, S., Cosci, C., Aghini-Lombardi, F., Thyroid color flow Doppler sonography and radioiodine uptake in 55 consecutive patients with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (2003) J Endocrinol Investigation., 26 (7), pp. 635-640Baeza, A., Aguayo, J., Barria, M., Pineda, G., Rapid preoperative preparation in hyperthyroidism (1991) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 35 (5), pp. 439-445Robuschi, G., Manfredi, A., Salvi, M., Gardini, E., Montermini, M., d'Amato, L., Effect of sodium ipodate and iodide on free T4 and free T3 concentrations in patients with Graves' disease (1986) J Endocrinol Invest., 9 (4), pp. 287-291Tsatsoulis, A., Johnson, E.O., Kalogera, C.H., Seferiadis, K., Tsolas, O., The effect of thyrotoxicosis on adrenocortical reserve (2000) Eur J Endocrinol., 142 (3), pp. 231-235Solomon, B.L., Wartofsky, L., Burman, K.D., Adjunctive cholestyramine therapy for thyrotoxicosis (1993) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 38 (1), pp. 39-43Vyas, A.A., Vyas, P., Fillipon, N.L., Vijayakrishnan, R., Trivedi, N., Successful treatment of thyroid storm with plasmapheresis in a patient with methimazole-induced agranulocytosis (2010) Endocr Pract., 16 (4), pp. 673-676Glaser, N.S., Styne, D.M., Organization of Pediatric Endocrinologists of Northern California Collaborative Graves' Disease Study Group. Predicting the likelihood of remission in children with Graves' disease: A prospective, multicenter study (2008) Pediatrics., 121, pp. e481-e488Dötsch, J., Siebler, T., Hauffa, B.P., Doeker, B., Andler, W., Bettendorf, M., Diagnosis and management of juvenile hyperthyroidism in Germany: A retrospective multicenter study (2000) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 13 (7), pp. 879-885Poyrazoǧlu, S., Saka, N., Bas, F., Isguven, P., Dogu, A., Turan, S., Evaluation of diagnosis and treatment results in children with Graves' disease with emphasis on the pubertal status of patients (2008) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 21 (8), pp. 745-751Kaguelidou, F., Alberti, C., Castanet, M., Guitteny, M.A., Czernichow, P., Leger, J., French Childhood Graves' Disease Study Group. Predictors of autoimmune hyperthyroidism relapse in children after discontinuation of antithyroid drug treatment (2008) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 93 (10), pp. 3817-3826Barrio, R., LĂłpez-CapapĂ©, M., Martinez-BadĂĄs, I., Carrillo, A., Moreno, J.C., Alonso, M., Graves' disease in children and adolescents: Response to long-term treatment (2005) Acta Paediatr., 94 (11), pp. 1583-1589Maia, A.L., Ward, L.S., Carvalho, G.A., Graf, H., McIel, R.M., McIel, L.M., Thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: Brazilian consensus (2007) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab., 51 (5), pp. 867-893Abraham, P., Avenell, A., McGeoch, S.C., Clark, L.F., Bevan, J.S., Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism (2010) Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 20, pp. CD003420LĂ©ger, J., Gelwane, G., Kaguelidou, F., Benmerad, M., Alberti, C., Positive impact of long-term antithyroid drug treatment on the outcome of children with Graves' disease: National long-term cohort study (2012) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 97 (1), pp. 110-119Perrild, H., GrĂŒters-Kieslich, A., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Grant, D., Martino, E., Kayser, L., Diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxicosis in childhood. A European questionnaire study (1994) Eur J Endocrinol., 131 (5), pp. 467-473Mussa, G.C., Corrias, A., Silvestro, L., Battan, E., Mostert, M., Mussa, F., Factors at onset predictive of lasting remission in pediatric patients with Graves' disease followed for at least three years (1999) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 12 (4), pp. 537-541Slyper, A.H., Wyatt, D., Boudreau, C., Effective methimazole dose for childhood Graves' disease and use of free triiodothyronine combined with concurrent thyroid-stimulating hormone level to identify mild hyperthyroidismand delayed pituitary recovery (2005) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 18 (6), pp. 597-602Cassio, A., Corrias, A., Gualandi, S., Tato', L., Cesaretti, G., Volta, C., Influence of gender and pubertal stage at diagnosis on growth outcome in childhood thyrotoxicosis: Results of a collaborative study (2006) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 64 (1), pp. 53-57Sato, H., Harada, S., Yokoya, S., Tanaka, T., Asayama, K., Mori, M., Treatment for childhood-onset Graves' disease in Japan: Results of a nationwide questionnaire survey of pediatric endocrinologists and thyroidologists (2007) Thyroid., 17 (1), pp. 67-72Smith, J., Brown, R.S., Persistence of thyrotropin (TSH) receptor antibodies in children and adolescents with Graves' disease treated using antithyroid medication (2007) Thyroid., 17 (11), pp. 1103-1107Rivkees, S.A., Stephenson, K., Dinauer, C., Adverse events associated with methimazole therapy of graves' disease in children (2010) Int J Pediatr Endocrinol., 2010, p. 176970Lazar, L., Kalter-Leibovici, O., Pertzelan, A., Weintrob, N., Josefsberg, Z., Phillip, M., Thyrotoxicosis in prepubertal children compared with pubertal and postpubertal patients (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 85 (10), pp. 3678-3682Ota, H., Amino, N., Morita, S., Kobayashi, K., Kubota, S., Fukata, S., Quantitative measurement of thyroid blood flow for differentiation of painless thyroiditis from Graves' disease (2007) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 67 (1), pp. 41-45Rivkees, S.A., Szarfman, A., Dissimilar hepatotoxicity profiles of propylthiouracil and methimazole in children (2010) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 95 (7), pp. 3260-3267Sato, H., Hattori, M., Fujieda, M., Sugihara, S., Inomata, H., Hoshi, M., High prevalence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in childhood onset Graves' disease treated with propylthiouracil (2000) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 85 (11), pp. 4270-4273Jafarzadeh, A., Poorgholami, M., Izadi, N., Nemati, M., Rezayati, M., Immunological and hematological changes in patients with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism (2010) Clin Invest Med., 33 (5), pp. 271-279Sarinnapakorn, V., Noppavetchwich, P., Sunthorntepwarakul, T., Deerochanawong, C., Ngongamrut, S., Abnormal liver function test in Graves' disease: A prospective study of comparison between the hyperthyroid state and the euthyroid state (2011) J Med Assoc Thai., 94 (SUPPL. 2), pp. S11-S16Sandrini, R., França, S.N., Lacerda, L., Graf, H., Treatment of hyperthyroidism in infancy and adolescence (2001) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab., 45 (1), pp. 32-36Hamerschlak, N., Maluf, E., Biasi Cavalcanti, A., Avezum JĂșnior, A., Eluf-Neto, J., Passeto FalcĂŁo, R., Incidence and risk factors for agranulocytosis in Latin American countries--the Latin Study: A multicenter study (2008) Eur J Clin Pharmacol., 64 (9), pp. 921-929Takata, K., Kubota, S., Fukata, S., Kudo, T., Nishihara, E., Ito, M., Methimazole-induced agranulocytosis in patients with Graves' disease is more frequent with an initial dose of 30 mg daily than with 15 mg daily (2009) Thyroid., 19 (6), pp. 559-563Salpeter, S.R., Ormiston, T.M., Salpeter, E.E., Cardioselective betablockers in patients with reactive airway disease: A meta-analysis (2002) Ann Intern Med., 137 (9), pp. 715-725Sato, H., Minagawa, M., Sasaki, N., Sugihara, S., Kazukawa, I., Minamitani, K., Comparison of methimazole and propylthiouracil in the management of children and adolescents with Graves' disease: Efficacy and adverse reactions during initial treatment and long-term outcome (2011) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab., 24 (5-6), pp. 257-263Chen, D.Y., Chen, T.H., Comparison of efficacy of 131I and antithyroid drugs in the treatment of Graves' disease in children (2005) Chin J Pediatr., 43 (7), pp. 507-509Bogazzi, F., Vitti, P., Could improved ultrasound and power Doppler replace thyroidal radioiodine uptake to assess thyroid disease? (2008) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab., 4 (2), pp. 70-71Hu, B., Wei, Y.F., Huang, C., Chen, L.X., The treatment strategy for pediatric Graves' disease and the relevant problems of radioiodine treatment (2006) J Med Forum., 27, pp. 67-68Ma, C., Kuang, A., Xie, J., Liu, G., Radioiodine treatment for pediatric Graves' disease (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev., 16, pp. CD006294Rivkees, S.A., Cornelius, E.A., Influence of iodine-131 dose on the outcome of hyperthyroidism in children (2003) Pediatrics., 111 (4 PART 1), pp. 745-749Zantut-Wittmann, D.E., Ramos, C.D., Santos, A.O., Lima, M.M., Panzan, A.D., Facuri, F.V., High pre-therapy [99mTc]pertechnetate thyroid uptake, thyroid size and thyrostatic drugs: Predictive factors of failure in [131I]iodide therapy in Graves' disease (2005) Nucl Med Commun., 26 (11), pp. 957-963Nebesio, T.D., Siddiqui, A.R., Pescovitz, O.H., Eugster, E.A., Time course to hypothyroidism after fixed-dose radioablation therapy of Graves' disease in children (2002) J Pediatr., 141 (1), pp. 99-103Monte, O., Calliari, L.E.P., Longui, C.A., Utilização do 131I no tratamento da doença de Basedow-Graves na infĂąncia e adolescĂȘncia (2004) Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab., 48 (1), pp. 166-170Kalinyak, J.E., McDougall, I.R., How should the dose of iodine-131 be determined in the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism? (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 88 (3), pp. 975-977Kadmon, P.M., Noto, R.B., Boney, C.M., Goodwin, G., Gruppuso, P.A., Thyroid storm in a child following radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy: A consequence of RAI versus withdrawal of antithyroid medication (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86 (5), pp. 1865-1867Freitas, J.E., Swanson, D.P., Gross, M.D., Sisson, J.C., Iodine-131: Optimal therapy for hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents? (1979) J Nucl Med., 20 (8), pp. 847-850Rivkees, S.A., Dinauer, C., An optimal treatment for pediatric Graves' disease is radioiodine (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 92 (3), pp. 797-800Bogazzi, F., Bartalena, L., Brogioni, S., Mazzeo, S., Vitti, P., Burelli, A., Color flow Doppler sonography rapidly differentiates type I and type II amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (1997) Thyroid., 7 (4), pp. 541-545Imaizumi, M., Usa, T., Tominaga, T., Neriishi, K., Akahoshi, M., Nakashima, E., Radiation dose-response relationships for thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid diseases in Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb survivors 55-58 years after radiation exposure (2006) JAMA., 295 (9), pp. 1011-1022Cheetham, T.D., Hughes, I.A., Barnes, N.D., Wraight, E.P., Treatment of hyperthyroidism in young people (1998) Arch Dis Child., 78 (3), pp. 207-209Feliciano, D.V., Lyons, J.D., Thyroidectomy is optimal treatment for Graves' disease (2011) J Am Coll Surg., 212 (4), pp. 714-720Sugino, K., Ito, K., Nagahama, M., Kitagawa, W., Shibuya, H., Ito, K., Surgical management of Graves' disease-10-year prospective trial at a single institution (2008) Endocr J., 55 (1), pp. 161-167Kriplani, A., Buckshee, K., Bhargava, V.L., Takkar, D., Ammini, A.C., Maternal and perinatal outcome in thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy (1994) Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol., 54 (3), pp. 159-163Davis, L.E., Lucas, M.J., Hankins, G.D., Roark, M.L., Cunningham, F.G., Thyrotoxicosis complicating pregnancy (1989) Am J Obstet Gynecol., 160 (1), pp. 63-70Millar, L.K., Wing, D.A., Leung, A.S., Koonings, P.P., Montoro, M.N., Mestman, J.H., Low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancies complicated by hyperthyroidism (1994) Obstet Gynecol., 84 (6), pp. 946-949Stagnaro-Green, A., Abalovich, M., Alexander, E., Azizi, F., Mestman, J., Negro, R., Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum The American Thyroid Association Taskforce on Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and Postpartum (2011) Thyroid., 21 (10), pp. 1081-1125Mandel, S.J., Cooper, D.S., The use of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy and lactation (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 86 (6), pp. 2354-2359Clementi, M., Di Gianantonio, E., Pelo, E., Mammi, I., Basile, R.T., Tenconi, R., Methimazole embryopathy: Delineation of tTrzepacz, P.T., Klein, I., Roberts, M., Greenhouse, J., Levey, G.S., Graves' disease: An analysis of thyroid hormone levels and hyperthyroid signs and symptoms (1989) Am J Med., 87 (5), pp. 558-561Geffner, D.L., Hershman, J.M., Beta-adrenergic blockade for the treatment of hyperthyroidism (1992) Am J Med., 93 (1), pp. 61-68McDevitt, D.G., Nelson, J.K., Comparative trial of atenolol and propranolol in hyperthyroidism (1978) Br J Clin Pharmacol., 6 (3), pp. 233-237Duggal, J., Singh, S., Kuchinic, P., Butler, P., Arora, R., Utility of esmolol in thyroid crisis (2006) Can J Clin Pharmacol., 13 (3), pp. 292-295Henderson, J.M., Portmann, L., van Melle, G., Haller, E., Ghika, J.A., Propranolol as an adjunct therapy for hyperthyroid tremor (1997) Eur Neurol., 37 (3), pp. 182-185Milner, M.R., Gelman, K.M., Phillips, R.A., Fuster, V., Davies, T.F., Goldman, M.E., Double-blind crossover trial of diltiazem versus propranolol in the management of thyrotoxic symptoms (1990) Pharmacotherapy., 10 (2), pp. 100-106Kelestimur, F., Aksu, A., The effect of diltiazem on the manifestations of hyperthyroidism and thyroid function tests (1996) Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes., 104 (1), pp. 38-42Cooper, D.S., Antithyroid drugs (2005) N Engl J Med., 352 (9), pp. 905-917Russo, M.W., Galanko, J.A., Shrestha, R., Fried, M.W., Watkins, P., Liver transplantation for acute liver failure from drug induced liver injury in the United States (2004) Liver Transpl., 10 (8), pp. 1018-1023Bahn, R.S., Burch, H.B., Cooper, D.S., Garber, J.R., Greenlee, M.C., Klein, I., Hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis: Management guidelines of the American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (2011) Endocr Pract., 17 (3), pp. 456-520Shivakumar, S.K., Dwarakanath, S., Swaroop, G., Venkataramana, N.K., Aplasia cutis congenita of the scalp: Therapeutic modalities (2006) Neurol India., 54 (3), pp. 312-313Reinwein, D., Benker, G., Lazarus, J.H., Alexander, W.D., A prospective randomized trial of antithyroid drug dose in Graves' disease therapy (1993) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 76 (6), pp. 1516-1521Pearce, S.H., Spontaneous reporting of adverse reactions to carbimazole and propylthiouracil in the UK (2004) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 61 (5), pp. 589-594Williams, K.V., Nayak, S., Becker, D., Reyes, J., Burmeister, L.A., Fifty years of experience with propylthiouracil-associated hepatotoxicity: What have we learned? (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 82 (6), pp. 1727-1733Fibbe, W.E., Claas, F.H.J., van der Star-Dijkstra, W., Schaafsma, M.R., Meyboom, R.H., Falkenburg, J.H., Agranulocytosis induced by propylthiouracil: Evidence of a drug dependent antibody reacting with granulocytes, monocytes and haematopoietic progenitor cells (1986) Br J Haematol., 64 (2), pp. 363-373Cooper, D.S., The side effects of antithyroid drugs (1999) The Endocrinologist., 9, pp. 457-467Schleusener, H., Schwander, J., Fischer, C., Holle, R., Holl, G., Badenhoop, K., Prospective multicentre study on the prediction of relapse after antithyroid drug treatment in patients with Graves' disease (1989) Acta Endocrinol., 120 (6), pp. 689-701Vitti, P., Rago, T., Chiovato, L., Pallini, S., Santini, F., Fiore, E., Clinical features of patients with Graves' disease undergoing remission after antithyroid drug treatment (1997) Thyroid., 7 (3), pp. 369-375Tamai, H., Nakagawa, T., Fukino, O., Ohsako, N., Shinzato, R., Suematsu, H., Thionamida therapy in Graves' disease: Relation of relapse rate to duration of therapy (1980) Ann Intern Med., 92 (4), pp. 488-490Allannic, H., Fauchet, R., Orgiazzi, J., Madec, A.M., Genetet, B., Lorcy, Y., Antithyroid drugs and Graves' disease: A prospective randomized evaluation of the efficacy of treatment duration (1990) J Clin Endocrinol Metab., 70 (3), pp. 675-679Benker, G., Rjenwein, D., Kahaly, G., Teglu, L., Alexander, W.D., Fassbinder, J., Is there a methimazole dose effect on remission rate in Graves' disease? Results from a long-term prospective study (1998) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)., 49 (4), pp. 451-457Wood, L.C., Ingbar, S.H., Hypothyr

    Tumour-inhibiting platinum complexes—state of the art and future perspectives

    No full text
    corecore