Ancestral diversity improves discovery and fine-mapping of genetic loci for anthropometric traits - the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry Consortium

Hispanic/Latinos have been underrepresented in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for anthropometric traits despite their notable anthropometric variability, ancestry proportions, and high burden of growth stunting and overweight/obesity. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed densely-imputed genetic data in a sample of Hispanic/Latino adults to identify and fine-map genetic variants associated with body mass index (BMI), height, and BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHRadjBMI). We conducted a GWAS of 18 studies/consortia as part of the Hispanic/Latino Anthropometry (HISLA) Consortium (Stage 1, n=59,771) and generalized our findings in 9 additional studies (HISLA Stage 2, n=10,538). We conducted a trans-ancestral GWAS with summary statistics from HISLA Stage 1 and existing consortia of European and African ancestries. In our HISLA Stage 1+2 analyses, we discovered one BMI locus, as well as two BMI signals and another height signal each within established anthropometric loci. In our trans-ancestral meta-analysis, we discovered three BMI loci, one height locus, and one WHRadjBMI locus. We also identified three secondary signals for BMI, 28 for height, and two for WHRadjBMI in established loci. We show that 336 known BMI, 1,177 known height, and 143 known WHRadjBMI (combined) SNPs demonstrated suggestive transferability (nominal significance and effect estimate directional consistency) in Hispanic/Latino adults. Of these, 36 BMI, 124 height, and 11 WHRadjBMI SNPs were significant after trait-specific Bonferroni correction. Trans-ancestral meta-analysis of the three ancestries showed a small-to-moderate impact of uncorrected population stratification on the resulting effect size estimates. Our findings demonstrate that future studies may also benefit from leveraging diverse ancestries and differences in linkage disequilibrium patterns to discover novel loci and additional signals with less residual population stratification

Elastic-plastic material behavior of shock-loaded Al-composites

The dynamic behavior of Aluminium reinforced with different ceramic fibres has been investigated using planar plate impact technique in connection with a velocity interferometer VISAR. The measurements are part of a program to rank the protection capability of ceramic reinforced materials in light weight armor systems. Values of the Hugeniot elastic limit HEL and the spall strength have been determined. In the case of Saffil(Al2O3)/7075Al Us-up and o-e-diagrams have been calculated from experimental data. Microscopic examination of sample fragments from recovery experiments provide insight into the fragmentation processes involved

Durch Druckspannungen hervorgerufene makro- und mikro-mechanische Phänomene in planar beaufschlagtem TiB2

The dynamic behavior of TiBsub2 was investigated as a function of loading stress up to 14 GPa. Respective experiments have been performed at a planar impact facility equipped with a VISAR velocity interferometer. Softly recovered sample fragments were examined by means of electron microscopy. Thereby, it was possible to find out the microscopic causes for the formation of two Hugoniot elastic limits HEL1 and HEL2 for TiBsub2

Spallationsverhalten von planar beaufschlagtem TiB2, SiC und B4C

The spallation behavior of Bsub4C, SiC and TiBsub2 was investigated with respect to loading stress and impactor material. The experiments were performed at a planar impact facility equipped with a VISAR velocity interferometer. The spall stress was determined from the spall signal in the velocity- time profile. The fragments of TiBsub2 were softly recovered. From the remaining target thicknesses the width of the spall zone could be determined

Ranking Methods of Ceramics and Experimental Optimization of a Laminated Target with Ceramics

The use of non-metallic materials in armor has become more and more of interest during the last years. The optimal application of such materials supposes the understanding of the interaction process between projectile and target. To achieve this goal, the depth of penetration method, the time-resolved observation method and the laminated target test are applied to obtain information on the interaction process, the protection ranking of the non-metallic materials and the optimal construction of real targets. These three methods are discussed and applied to a series of ceramics and composites. The projectiles are tungsten sinter alloy rods with length-to-diameter ratio L/D = 12.5; the impact velocities are 1500, 1700 and 1800 km/s. It is shown that the three methods look at special aspects of the problem and complement each other. The depth of penetration method mainly delivers the protection ranking of the non-metallic materials. The time-resolved observation with the flash X-ray techni que makes it possible to obtain pictures of the projectile inside the non-metallic material. Applying the fluid-jet model, the protection performance can be characterized by the dynamic strength parameter R. The laminated target test provides information on the non-metallic material ranking and the optimal construction of real laminated targets

Long-Rod Penetration into Target That Was Previously Penetrated

Target efficiency is normally defined and tested regardless of previous hits which may have damaged an area close to the new impact point. New, advanced armor can defeat the first hit but the damage may affect targets' ability to stop a second shot. The study presented here is a first attempt to examine the change in target efficiency due to such a damage. It is well known that the penetration depth of a long rod depends on the boundary conditions of the target penetrated. Experimental findings have shown that the damaged zone is small, and only hits which are closer than approximately three projectile diameters are affected. The radius of curvature of the first crater has no significant effect on the decrease in efficiency. The efficiency is not proportional to the length of the first crater, and it is affected mainly during the last stages of penetration. It seems that the plastic deformation which may exist around the first crater and the debris which remain in the target may compen sate the free boundary effect, but this subject requires further research to confirm

Debris cloud expansion around a residual rod behind a perforated plate target

The debris cloud expansion around a residual rod behind a perforated plate target has been studied by means of the laser stroboscope and the flash X-ray observation technique. Especially the bulging at the target rear side, the breaking of the bulge, its fragmentation and the cloud expansion nearby and far from the target are investigated. Rods of tungsten sinter alloy, steel and Ti with aspect ratios 6 to 15 are launched against steel and Al targets at 1250 and 1700 m/s in full and half scales. The cloud expansion scales and depends only weakly on the parameters varied here. The shape of the cloud behaves roughly elliptically. For rod and target material densities pp bigger than pT, the rod fragments show a smaller lateral spread than the target fragments. Target fragments are found within the total cloud volume. Fragments at equal radial distance from the target rear side have roughly the same velocity. The debris also have been caught by a soft catcher for tungsten sinter alloy and steel rods against steel plates in full scale. The evaluation and data reduction deliver information about number, size, shape, material, mass and angle of the fragments. The accumulated number of fragments versus mass can be described by a Mott distribution function. The angular distribution shows a maximum. Increasing impact velocity extends the lateral spread of the particles

Keramiken fuer den Panzerschutz. Endballistische Untersuchungen

Available from TIB Hannover: RA 853(1995,6) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman

Spallation behavior of Armco iron

Copy held by FIZ Karlsruhe; available from UB/TIB Hannover / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDEGerman