Dealing with doping. A plea for better science, governance and education.

The creation of WADA contributed to harmonization of anti-doping and changed doping behavior and prevalence in the past 22 years. However, the system has developed important deficiencies and limitations that are causing harm to sports, athletes and society. These issues are related to the lack of evidence for most substances on the Prohibited List for performance or negative health effects, a lack of transparency and accountability of governance and decision-making by WADA and the extension of anti-doping policies outside the field of professional sports. This article tries to identify these deficiencies and limitations and presents a plea for more science, better governance and more education. This should lead to a discussion for reform among stakeholders, which should cover support of a new Prohibited List by actual research and evidence and introduce better governance with accountable control bodies and regulation. Finally, comprehensive education for all stakeholders will be the basis of all future positive improvements

Exploring CP Violation through Correlations in B --> pi K, B_d --> pi^+pi^-, B_s --> K^+K^- Observable Space

We investigate allowed regions in observable space of B --> pi K, B_d --> pi^+pi^- and B_s --> K^+K^- decays, characterizing these modes in the Standard Model. After a discussion of a new kind of contour plots for the $B\to\pi K$ system, we focus on the mixing- induced and direct CP asymmetries of the decays B_d --> pi^+pi^- and B_s--> K^+K^-. Using experimental information on the CP-averaged B_d --> pi^{+/-}K^{+/-} and B_d --> pi^+pi^- branching ratios, the relevant hadronic penguin parameters can be constrained,implying certain allowed regions in observable space. In the case of B_d --> pi^+pi^-, an interesting situation arises now in view of the recent B-factory measurements of CP violation in this channel, allowing us to obtain new constraints on the CKM angle gamma as a function of the B^0_d--\bar{B^0_d} mixing phase phi_d=2beta, which is fixed through A_{CP}^{mix}(B_d --> J/psi K_S) up to a twofold ambiguity. If we assume that A_{CP}^{mix}(B_d --> pi^+pi^-) is positive, as indicated by recent Belle data, and that phi_d is in agreement with the ``indirect'' fits of the unitarity triangle, also the corresponding values for gamma around 60 degrees can be accommodated. On the other hand, for the second solution of phi_d, we obtain a gap around gamma ~ 60 degrees. The allowed region in the space of A_{CP}^{mix}(B_s --> K^+K^-) and A_{CP}^{dir}(B_s --> K^+K^-) is very constrained in the Standard Model, thereby providing a narrow target range for run II of the Tevatron and the experiments of the LHC era.Comment: 34 pages, LaTeX, 12 figures. More detailed introduction and a few Comments added, conclusions unchanged. To appear in Phys. Rev.

Bs-Bs.bar Mixing, CP Violation and Extraction of CKM Phases from Untagged Bs Data Samples

A width difference of the order of 20\% has previously been predicted for the two mass eigenstates of the $B_s$ meson. The dominant contributor to the width difference is the $b\rightarrow c\bar c s$ transition, with final states common to both $B_s$ and $\overline{B}_s$. All current experimental analyses fit the time-dependences of flavor-specific $B_s$-modes to a single exponential, which essentially determines the average $B_s$ lifetime. We stress that the same data sample allows even the measurement of the width difference. To see that, this note reviews the time-dependent formulae for tagged $B_s$ decays, which involve rapid oscillatory terms depending on $\Delta mt$. In untagged data samples the rapid oscillatory terms cancel. Their time-evolutions depend only on the much more slowly varying exponential falloffs. We discuss in detail the extraction of the two widths, and identify the large (small) CP-even (-odd) rate with that of the light (heavy) $B_s$ mass eigenstate. It is demonstrated that decay length distributions of some \underline{untagged} $B_s$ modes, such as $\rho^0 K_S, \; D_s^{(*)\pm}K^{(*)\mp}$, can be used to extract the notoriously difficult CKM unitarity triangle angle $\gamma$. Sizable CP violating effects may be seen with such untagged $B_s$ data samples. Listing $\Delta\Gamma$ as an observable allows for additional important standard model constraints. Within the CKM model, the ratio $\Delta\Gamma/ \Delta m$ involves no CKM parameters, only a QCD uncertainty. Thus a measurement of $\Delta\Gamma \;(\Delta m)$ would predict $\Delta m \;(\Delta\Gamma )$, up to the QCD uncertainty. A large width difference would automatically solve the puzzle of the number of charmed hadrons per $B$ decay in favor of theory. We also derive an upper limit of $(| \Delta\Gamma | / \Gamma)_{B_s} <~ 0.3$. Further, we must abandon the notion of branching fractions of $B_s\rightarrow f$, and instead consider $B(B^0_{L(H)}\rightarrow f)$, in analogy to the neutral kaons.Comment: 46 pages, revte

Geligi yang rusak dan perawatannya dengan cara mahkota dan jembatan

xviii, 292 p.; 20 cm

Shortened dental arch therapy : views of consultants in restorative dentistry in the United Kingdom

Contains fulltext : 22982___.PDF (publisher's version ) (Open Access