Determinantes da distribuição geográfica de Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas) (Primates, Callitrichidae) Determinants of geographical range of Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas) (Primates, Callitrichidae)

O clima e a vegetação são conhecidos determinantes das distribuições geográficas de várias espécies de mamíferos. Neste estudo foi testada a importância do clima e da vegetação como fatores limitantes da distribuição geográfica do sagui Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903). As análises com o clima foram feitas a partir de nove fatores climáticos, estimados para cada localidade de ocorrência da espécie em estudo. Métodos não lineares (regressão logística) foram usados para modelar a distribuição geográfica a partir dos dados climáticos. As análises de vegetação foram feitas a partir do mapa digital das eco-regiões. A sobreposição dos modelos de distribuição climática com os mapas dos tipos de eco-regiões sugeriram que estes dois fatores são limitantes na distribuição geográfica de Callithrix flaviceps. Foi ainda discutida a importância das interações interespecíficas como limitantes da distribuição geográfica de Callithrix flaviceps.<br>The climate and the vegetation are known determinant of the geographical range of several species of mammals. Here it was analized the role of the climate and the vegetation as limits of geographical range of the marmosets Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903). For each locality of occurrence, averages estimates of nine climatic variables and ecoregion data were recorded. A non-linear method (logistic regression) was used to model the climatic geographical distribution. Vegetation analysis was done with data from the digital map of ecoregions. The overlap of the climatic distribution map with ecoregion map suggested that both factors have importance in the limits of the geographical range of C. flaviceps. The role of interspecific interactions as limits to geographical range of C. flaviceps is also discussed

Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC)

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53·6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75·4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84·2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46·2 years (IQR 34·3–58·0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44·4 years (32·5–56·5), with 40·2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17·4% (2·1% for stroke and 5·2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81·1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21·2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5·43 mmol/L (IQR 4·32–6·72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4·23 mmol/L (3·20–5·66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2·7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1·8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p<0·001). Interpretation Familial hypercholesterolaemia is diagnosed late. Guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol concentrations are infrequently achieved with single-drug therapy. Cardiovascular risk factors and presence of coronary disease were lower among non-index cases, who were diagnosed earlier. Earlier detection and greater use of combination therapies are required to reduce the global burden of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron