Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system of monitoring and accounting of carbon balance and greenhouse gas emissions on lands of the agricultural fund of the Russian Federation

Methodological approaches to the formation of a unified national system for monitoring and accounting the balance of carbon and greenhouse gas emissions are considered. The purpose, typification, requirements for the spatial placement of “carbon” polygons, assessment of the carbon absorption capacity of forests and agricultural ecosystems in the Russian Federation, the standard methodology recommended by the international community for assessing carbon stocks in soils, which should be applied in the Russian Federation to ensure comparability of the results of greenhouse gas accounting between countries, determination of the carbon absorption capacity of natural ecosystems and soils are discussed. The potential of carbon uptake by agricultural soils is shown. The list of indicators for assessing soil carbon according to the IPCC methodology for Tiers 2 and 3 is given. Taking into account the analysis of international practice, as well as on the basis of theoretical and applied experience of national science, the priority measures have been developed, they are aimed at working out and implementation of the national strategy for the use of terrestrial ecosystems in order to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change

Global climate and soil cover – implications for land use in Russia

The necessity of a comprehensive description of greenhouse gas fluxes on different types of soils, the methodology for creating “carbon polygons” and “carbon farms” with the use of modern methods for assessing carbon fluxes in ecosystems, taking into account the specifics of the natural conditions of Russia and competitive advantages, are substantiated. Directions for developing national methods for calculating carbon fluxes are given, which should be subjected to verification by the interested parties of the Paris Agreement adopted by the Russian Federation. Such issues are considered as the role and potential of the Russian soil cover in the carbon balance of the planet, factors of reducing carbon stocks from the upper 1 meter depth layer of the soil, competitive edge in the EU and the Western world in the questions of natural and climatic changes, the use of remote sensing of the Earth from space in order to obtain regular, complete and reliable estimates of the absorption of greenhouse gases

DEVELOPMENT OF AZATHIOPRINE-BASED TREATMENT REGIMEN FOR PATIENTS WITH STEROID RESISTANT PEMPHIGUS BASED ON ASSESSMENT OF MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AT THE POST-RECEPTOR LEVEL

Background: Autoimmune pemphigus is the most severe skin and mucous membranes disorders with production of IgG autoantibodies to desmogleins 1 and 3. Administration of systemic corticosteroids may help to abrogate active signs of pemphigus. However, some patients do not give an adequate response to systemic glucocorticosteroid monotherapy, as well as to their combination with immune suppressants and cytostatic agents. Aim: To develop an azathioprine-based treatment regimen for patients with autoimmune pemphigus resistant to steroids. Materials and methods: At the first step of development of a treatment regimen for patients with steroid-resistant pemphigus we analyzed retrospectively a clinical database on 23 patients who had been treated from 2000 to 2014 and whose treatment regimen included azathioprine, in addition to systemic glucocorticosteroids. At the second step, from 2013 to 2015, we assessed and treated with the azathioprine-based regimen 24 patients with autoimmune pemphigus, 14  of them being steroid resistant and 10, steroid sensitive (control group). To assess molecular mechanisms of steroid resistance at the post-receptor level (effect of prednisolone on incorporation of ³Н-uridine into lymphocyte mRNA, changes of intracellular levels of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB) we used a  real-time polymerase chain reaction, radioisotope method and liquid scintillation radiometry. Results: At the first step, we developed an azathioprine-based treatment regimen for patients with steroid resistant autoimmune pemphigus. Initial dose of azathioprine was 150 mg daily. After achievement of response, the dose was decreased to 100 mg daily. When the dose of systemic glucocorticosteroids was decreased to 20  mg daily, the dose of azathioprine was decreased to 50 mg daily, thereafter steroid resistant patients were taking azathioprine at a dose of 50 mg daily from 3  months to 2.5  years. Investigation of molecular mechanisms at the second step of the study showed that in 28%  of steroid resistant patients there was a decreased incorporation of ³Н-uridine into lymphocyte mRNA under prednisolone treatment with an increase in synthesis of total mRNA in lymphocytes (range, from 68.67 to 78.35%, р < 0.05). Compared to the control group, in all steroid resistant patients (n = 14), an increased NF-κB gene expression in lymphocytes was found (range, from 65.39 to 86.17%  and from 88.8  to 98.61%, respectively, р < 0.05). The combination therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids and azathioprine in steroid resistant patients resulted in a  decrease in intracellular NF-κB gene expression (p < 0.01), which underlies the steroid-sparing effect of azathioprine. Conclusion: We demonstrated a statistically significant suppression of NF-κB gene expression in the cases of its high baseline levels before combination therapy in patients with autoimmune pemphigus. The steroid-sparing effect of azathioprine allows for its effective use in steroid-resistant pemphigus

Патогенетическое обоснование применения фенспирида (эреспала) при бронхиальной астме у детей

We observed 31 children received fenspirid (Erespal) including 15 bronchial asthma children (the study group) and 16 children with chronic non-specific inflammatory bronchopulmonary diseases (the comparative group).The bronchial asthmatic children showed increased H1-receptors sensitivity for histamine accompanied by exceeded intracellular calcium ion concentration as a response to the histamine stimulation. They also showed an increase of ɑ1-adrenoreceptors number. Meantime the intracellular calcium ion concentration arise less than it was in the children with chronic non-specific inflammatory bronchopulmonary diseases under the noradrenaline stimulation.Against the background of treatment with fenspirid (Erespal) the H1-histamine receptors sensitivity as well as calcium ions response to histamine and noradrenalin stimulations decreased in the bronchial asthma children and the similar events appeared in less degree after the histamine stimulation in children with chronic inflammatory bronchopulmonary diseases. Simultaneously clinical bronchial obstruction signs solved and lung function improved.Под наблюдением находился 31 ребенок, получавший фенспирид (эреспал), в том числе 15 детей с бронхиальной астмой (основная группа) и 16 детей с хроническими неспецифическими воспалительными бронхолегочными заболеваниями (группа сравнения).У детей с бронхиальной астмой имела место повышенная чувствительность H1-рецепторов к гистамину, сопровождающаяся чрезмерным увеличением внутриклеточной концентрации ионов кальция в ответ на стимуляцию гистамином. У детей с бронхиальной астмой отмечалось повышение количества ɑ1-адренорецепторов. Однако увеличение концентрации ионов кальция в клетках при их стимуляции норадреналином у них было выражено слабее, чем у детей с хроническими неспецифическими воспалительными бронхолегочными заболеваниями.На фоне лечения фенспиридом (эреспалом) происходило снижение чувствительности Н1-гистаминовых рецепторов у детей с бронхиальной астмой и уменьшение выраженности кальциевого ответа на стимуляцию гистамином и норадреналином при бронхиальной астме и, в меньшей степени, на стимуляцию гистамином при хронических воспалительных бронхолегочных заболеваниях. Это сопровождалось уменьшением клинических симптомов бронхообструкции и улучшением функции внешнего дыхания

Пуриновые и глюкокортикоидные рецепторы у детей с бронхиальной астмой и хроническими бронхолегочными заболеваниями, сопровождающимися бронхообструктивным синдромом

Using radioligand method has allowed to find out that the children suffering from bronchial obstructive diseases demonstrate the purine receptors disorders expressed in increase A1/A2 receptors ratio. This ratio is reliably higher in bronchial asthma children than in children with asthmatic or recurrent bronchitis, chronic pneumonia and Kartagener’s syndrome as well as in adult bronchial asthmatic patients. Children with Kartagene r's syndrome have reduction in binding ability of glucocorticoid receptors and compensatory increase in their concentration. Theophylline therapy leads to decrease of A1/A2 receptors ratio. This fact correlates to the improvement in the value of forced expiratory volume for 1 second.С использованием радиолигандного метода обнаружено, что у детей с бронхообструктивными заболеваниями отмечаются нарушения пуриновой рецепции, выражающиеся в повышении соотношения количества А1/А2 рецепторов. У детей с бронхиальной астмой это соотношение достоверно выше, чем у детей с астматическим или рецидивирующим бронхитом, хронической пневмонией и синдромом Картагенера и у взрослых больных бронхиальной астмой. У. детей с синдромом Картагенера отмечается снижение связываю щ ей способности глюкокортикоидных рецепторов и ком пенсаторное увеличение их концентрации. Терапия теофиллином приводит к снижению соотношения количества А1/А2 рецепторов. Этот факт коррелирует с возрастанием объема форсированного выдоха за первую секунду