EVALUATION OF SEWAGE WITHIN MAKHACHKALA BY CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Abstract. Theme. Assessment of the quality of wastewater within Makhachkala by chemical parameters.Location. Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia.The aim of the study is to determine the chemical quality of sewage water polluting the Caspian Sea within the city of Makhachkala.Method. Object of study is the sample of wastewater sampled 10–11 January 2012 within the city of Makhachkala. Sampling of wastewater and chemical analysis was carried out in accordance with the International Organization for Standardization. Quality test samples evaluated in terms of water pollution index and coefficient calculation integrated pollution.Results. Using certified measurement techniques in 9 samples of wastewater identified 26 normalized parameters. Found that wastewater selected in two paragraphs refer to quality very dirty, 7 points extremely dirty; in all samples of wastewater content from 6 to 10 standardized components exceeds the MCL and the coefficient of the complex water pollution 7 samples belong to category II and contamination of sample 2 to Category III contamination.Main conclusion. The data obtained can be considered as the primary material for further chemical monitoring the quality of wastewater into the Caspian Sea within the administrative boundaries of the city of Makhachkala

Static Pressure of Hot Gas: Its Effect on the Gas Disks of Galaxies

The static pressure of the hot gas that fills clusters and groups of galaxies can affect significantly the volume density and thickness of the gas disks in galaxies. In combination with the dynamic pressure, the static pressure allows several observed peculiarities of spiral galaxies surrounded by a hot medium to be explained.Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures. This is a slightly modified version of the paper published in Astronomy Letters 2008, Vol. 34, No 11, p. 73

Atomic and Molecular Gas Components in Spiral Galaxies of the Virgo Cluster

Based on two models, we investigate the molecular-to-atomic gas ratio in Virgo cluster galaxies in comparison with field galaxies. We show that the enhanced metallicity for cluster members and the ram pressure stripping of atomic gas from the disk periphery cannot fully explain the observed gas component ratios. The additional environmental factors affecting the interstellar medium and leading to an increase in the molecular gas fraction should be taken into account for cluster galaxies.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

ДВУХСТОРОННИЙ ГНОЙНЫЙ КЕРАТОСКЛЕРИТ, ВЫЗВАННЫЙ СИНЕГНОЙНОЙ ПАЛОЧКОЙ, У ПАЦИЕНТКИ В КОМЕ

The article describes a clinical case of bilateral keratoscleritis caused by Ps. aeroginosa in a female patient suffering from occlusive hydrocephaly and intracranial hypertension with duration of coma and artificial pulmonary ventilation (APV) for 20 days. Materials and methods. At the moment of examination (in 7 days after purulent keratoscleritis started and rapidly progressed) the patient had lagophthalmos, purulent corneal ulcer, purulent xerotic sclera of OU, keratorrhexis of OS. On the same day directly in the intensive care unit, emergency penetrating sclerokeratoplasty was performed on OU in order to save eyes as organs. Forced instillations of antibiotics and antiseptics were used in the post-operative period. In 2 years 2 penetrating keratoplasties were performed in OD for optic purposes. Results. Emergency theurapetical penetrating sclerokeratoplasty with instillation of anterior segment and intraocular administration of a high dilution antibiotic were the only chance to save vision in OD. OS, where keratorrhexis developed due to advanced purulent sclerokeratitis and purulent iridocyclitis was lost despite all the efforts. After three surgeries (sclerokeratoplasty and 2 keratoplasties) vision acuity in the only right eye makes 0.1, which can be regarded as a satisfactory outcome. Conclusions. A malicious course of the disease, peracute progress and extremely severe consequences are typical of the advanced corneal ulcer caused by Ps. aeroginosa. Special attention is to be paid to the eyes of patients being in an intensive care unit in a coma and having continuous artificial pulmonary ventilation due to the high risk of developing purulent corneal ulcer and eye loss. Представлено клиническое наблюдение развитого двухстороннего синегнойного склерокератита, развившегося у пациентки с окклюзионной гидроцефалией и внутричерепной гипертензией с длительностью пребывания в коме и искусственной вентиляции легких (ИВЛ) 20 дней. Материалы и метод. На момент осмотра (спустя 7 дней после начала гнойного склерокератита и бурного прогрессирования заболевания) у больной определялись лагофтальм, развитая гнойная язва роговицы, гнойное расплавление склеры OU, перфорация роговицы на OS. В тот же день непосредственно в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии с целью спасения глаза как органа была проведена операция неотложной сквозной склерокератопластики на OU. В послеоперационном периоде применяли форсированные инстилляции антибиотиков и антисептиков. Спустя 2 года на OD было проведено 2 ре-СКП (сквозные кератопластики) c оптической целью. Результаты. Безотлагательно выполненная операция лечебной сквозной склерокератопластики (ССКП) с орошением переднего отрезка глаза и внутриглазным введением высокого разведения антибиотика явилась единственным шансом спасения зрения на OD. На OS, где имелась перфорация на фоне развитого гнойного склерокератита и гнойного иридоциклита, несмотря на все предпринятые меры, спасти глаз не удалось. Острота зрения после проведенных трех операций (ССКП и 2 ре-СКП) на единственном правом глазу составляет 0,1, что можно считать удовлетворительным результатом. Выводы. Развитая язва роговицы, вызванная синегнойной палочкой, характеризуется злокачественным течением, молниеносным прогрессированием и исключительно тяжелыми последствиями. Состоянию глаз пациентов, находящихся в отделении реанимации и интенсивной терапии в состоянии комы и при проведении длительной ИВЛ, следует уделять особое внимание в связи с высоким риском развития гнойной язвы роговицы и гибели глаза.

H-alpha Survey of the Local Volume: Isolated Southern Galaxies

We present our H-alpha observations of 11 isolated southern galaxies: SDIG, PGC 51659, E 222-010, E 272-025, E 137-018, IC 4662, Sag DIG, IC 5052, IC 5152, UGCA 438, and E149-003, with distances from 1 to 7 Mpc. We have determined the total H-alpha fluxes from these galaxies. The star formation rates in these galaxies range from 10^{-1} (IC 4662) to 10^{-4}_{\odot}/yr (SDIG) and the gas depletion time at the observed star formation rates lies within the range from 1/6 to 24 Hubble times H_0^{-1} .Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Galaxies with unusually high abundances of molecular hydrogen

A sample of 66 galaxies from the catalog of Bettoni et al. (CISM) with anomalously high molecular-to-atomic hydrogen mass ratios (M_{mol}/M_{HI}>2) is considered. The sample galaxies do not differ systematically from other galaxies in the catalog with the same morphological types, in terms of their photometric parameters, rotational velocities, dust contents, or the total mass of gas in comparison with galaxies of similar linear sizes and disk angular momentum. This suggests that the overabundance of $H_2$ is due to transition of HI to H_2. Galaxies with bars and active nuclei are found more frequently among galaxies which have M_{mol} estimates in CISM. In a small fraction of galaxies, high M_{mol}/M_{HI} ratios are caused by the overestimation of M_{mol} due to a low conversion factor for the translation of CO-line intensities into the number of H_2 molecules along the line of sight. It is argued that the "molecularization" of the bulk of the gas mass could be due 1) to the concentration of gas in the inner regions of the galactic disks, resulting to a high gas pressure and 2) to relatively low star-formation rate per unit mass of molecular gas which indeed takes place in galaxies with high M_{mol}/M_{HI} ratios.Comment: 11 pages,7 figures, published in Astronomy Report

ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES UNDER COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OF GEOTHERMAL SALINE WATER RESOURCES IN THE NORTHERN DAGESTAN

Aim. The aim of the study is to develop technologies for processing geothermal brine produced with the extraction of oil as well as to solve environmental problems in the region.Methods. In order to determine the chemical composition and radioactivity of the geothermal water and solid samples, we used atomic absorption and gamma spectrometry. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the technology was made on the basis of experimental studies.Results. In the geothermal water, eight radionuclides were recognized and quantified with the activity of 87 ± 5 Bq / dm3. For the processing of this water to produce lithium carbonate and other components we propose a technological scheme, which provides a step of water purification from radio-nuclides. As a result of aeration and alkalinization, we can observe deactivation and purification of the geothermal water from mechanical impurities, iron ions, hydrogen carbonates and organic substances. Water treatment allows recovering lithium carbonate, magnesite caustic powder and salt from geothermal water. The mother liquors produced during manufacturing operations meet the requirements for the water suitable for waterflooding of oil reservoirs and can be injected for maintaining the reservoir pressure of the deposits.Conclusion. The implementation of the proposed processing technology of mineralized geothermal water produced with the extraction of oil in the Northern Dagestan will contribute to extend the life of the oil fields and improve the environmental problems. It will also allow import substitution in Russia for lithium carbonate and edible salt

Gravitational stability and dynamical overheating of stellar disks of galaxies

We use the marginal stability condition for galactic disks and the stellar velocity dispersion data published by different authors to place upper limits on the disk local surface density at two radial scalelengths $R=2h$. Extrapolating these estimates, we constrain the total mass of the disks and compare these estimates to those based on the photometry and color of stellar populations. The comparison reveals that the stellar disks of most of spiral galaxies in our sample cannot be substantially overheated and are therefore unlikely to have experienced a significant merging event in their history. The same conclusion applies to some, but not all of the S0 galaxies we consider. However, a substantial part of the early type galaxies do show the stellar velocity dispersion well in excess of the gravitational stability threshold suggesting a major merger event in the past. We find dynamically overheated disks among both seemingly isolated galaxies and those forming pairs. The ratio of the marginal stability disk mass estimate to the total galaxy mass within four radial scalelengths remains within a range of 0.4---0.8. We see no evidence for a noticeable running of this ratio with either the morphological type or color index.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, accepted to Astronomy Letter

The Pressure of an Equilibrium Interstellar Medium in Galactic Disks

Based on an axisymmetric galactic disk model, we estimate the equilibrium gas pressure P/k in the disk plane as a function of the galactocentric distance R for several galaxies (MW, M33, M51, M81, M100, M101, M106, and the SMC). For this purpose, we solve a self-consistent system of equations by taking into account the gas self-gravity and the presence of a dark pseudo-isothermal halo. We assume that the turbulent velocity dispersions of the atomic and molecular gases are fixed and that the velocity dispersion of the old stellar disk corresponds to its marginal stability (except for the Galaxy and the SMC). We also consider a model with a constant disk thickness. Of the listed galaxies, the SMC and M51 have the highest pressure at a given relative radius R/R_25, while M81 has the lowest pressure. The pressure dependence of the relative molecular gas fraction confirms the existence of a positive correlation between these quantities, but it is not so distinct as that obtained previously when the pressure was estimated very roughly. This dependence breaks down for the inner regions of M81 and M106, probably because the gas pressure has been underestimated in the bulge region. We discuss the possible effects of factors other than the pressure affecting the relative content of molecular gas in the galaxies under consideration.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

STIX X-ray microflare observations during the Solar Orbiter commissioning phase

Context. The Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX) is the hard X-ray instrument onboard Solar Orbiter designed to observe solar flares over a broad range of flare sizes. Aims. We report the first STIX observations of solar microflares recorded during the instrument commissioning phase in order to investigate the STIX performance at its detection limit. Methods. STIX uses hard X-ray imaging spectroscopy in the range between 4-150 keV to diagnose the hottest flare plasma and related nonthermal electrons. This first result paper focuses on the temporal and spectral evolution of STIX microflares occuring in the Active Region (AR) AR12765 in June 2020, and compares the STIX measurements with Earth-orbiting observatories such as the X-ray Sensor of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES/XRS), the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly of the Solar Dynamics Observatory, and the X-ray Telescope of the Hinode mission. Results. For the observed microflares of the GOES A and B class, the STIX peak time at lowest energies is located in the impulsive phase of the flares, well before the GOES peak time. Such a behavior can either be explained by the higher sensitivity of STIX to higher temperatures compared to GOES, or due to the existence of a nonthermal component reaching down to low energies. The interpretation is inconclusive due to limited counting statistics for all but the largest flare in our sample. For this largest flare, the low-energy peak time is clearly due to thermal emission, and the nonthermal component seen at higher energies occurs even earlier. This suggests that the classic thermal explanation might also be favored for the majority of the smaller flares. In combination with EUV and soft X-ray observations, STIX corroborates earlier findings that an isothermal assumption is of limited validity. Future diagnostic efforts should focus on multi-wavelength studies to derive differential emission measure distributions over a wide range of temperatures to accurately describe the energetics of solar flares. Conclusions. Commissioning observations confirm that STIX is working as designed. As a rule of thumb, STIX detects flares as small as the GOES A class. For flares above the GOES B class, detailed spectral and imaging analyses can be performed