Horndeski Genesis: strong coupling and absence thereof

We consider Genesis in the Horndeski theory as an alternative to or completion of the inflationary scenario. One of the options free of instabilities at all cosmological epochs is the one in which the early Genesis is naively plagued with strong coupling. We address this issue to see whether classical field theory description of the background evolution at this early stage is consistent, nevertheless. We argue that, indeed, despite the fact that the effective Plank mass tends to zero at early time asymptotics, the classical analysis is legitimate in a certain range of Lagrangian parameters.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

BLOOD CYTOKINE PROFILE AND LESION SITE REPAIR IN DYNAMICS OF EXPERIMENTAL THERMAL TRAUMA AFTER LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC MELATONIN ADMINISTRATION

Burn injuries are one of the key medical and social problems. Despite the significant achievements in combustiology, the slow healing and the appearance of infection are the key problems in burn patients, which lead to a longer hospitalization period, to reduction of life quality and to emotional disorders. Up to 70% of all complications after thermal trauma (TT) are connected with infection – first of all, pneumonia, infections of urinal tract. The forming of infectious complications, including sepsis, after TT is associated with excessive immunosuppressive reactions, as compensation for a long, stable proinflammatory response, in particular, owing to hyperproduction and effects of IL-10, IL-4, TGF-β. Aim: to study the influence of systemic and local usage of MT with original dermal film (DF) on reparation and serum cytokine concentration indicators in dynamics of experimental TT. The study was conducted using 84 rats – males of Wistar line, which were divided randomly into 4 groups: 1st group (n = 12) – intact monitoring, 2nd group (n = 30) – animals with TT, 3rd group (n = 21) – animals with TT and DF with MT use on the region of burn, 4th group (n = 21) – animals with TT and intraperitoneal injection of MT. To model TT of IIIA degree and relative area 3,5%, isolated skin area of interscapular area was immersed in distilled water at a temperature of 98-99 °С at 12 s. The DF with MT (at a concentration of 0.005 g/g) on 12 sm2 – area in 3rd group was used daily for 5 days. The MT was injected intraperitoneally daily at the dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days. The wound area was calculated, the interleukin-4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were determined in serum on 5th,10th and 20th day from the moment of TT induction in each group. During experimental TT in dynamic monitoring from 5th to 20th day the absolute and relative areas of wound defect are reduced, because of that the epithelization speed and its part of area reduction are progressively increasing, on 5th,10th and 20th day the concentration of TNFα and IL-4 in serum is increasing with maximum values on 10th day of monitoring. Local usage of MT in DF during TT accelerates the healing of burn wound and lowers the TNFα and IL-4 concentration in serum on 5th, 10th and 20th day. Intraperitoneal use of MT during TT accelerates the healing of burn wound and lowers the TNFα and IL-4 concentration in serum on 5th and 20th day. The reparation accelerating effect of MT during TT is more expressed in locale usage in DF rather than using intraperitoneal injection

Criminal Threats Against Minors

The article deals with issues related to the problem of criminal threats against minors. The relevance of the problem is exposed to criminological analysis, the concept of the threat to criminological safety of minors is given, the sources of threats faced by children are determined, various scientific points of view are analyzed regarding the concept of sources of threats to criminological security. The authors believe that under the sources of threats to criminological safety of minors may be phenomena that in one way or another are related to crime and create the danger of criminalization and (or) victimization of minors. Data of the author's research concerning the influence of certain sources of threats on minors are given. The authors believe that it is expedient to implement criminological safety of minors on an integrated basis with the coordinated efforts of all prevention subjects

With the help of the paper each is able to, but you try with your computer

The paper analyzes the measures to ensure optimum conditions for professional adaptation of the teachers to late adulthood rich ICT learning environment tools. Particular attention is paid to the definition of computer tools and the features of its implementation in the educational processВ работе проводится анализ мероприятий, обеспечивающих оптимальные условия для профессиональной адаптации преподавателя поздней взрослости к насыщенной ИКТ-инструментарием образовательной среде. Особое внимание уделяется описанию компьютерного инструментария и особенностям внедрения его в учебный процес

Melatonin in the dermal film limits the blood lymphocyte death in experimental thermal trauma

According to WHO data, about 11 million people need medical care after burns every year. In the overall structure of burns, the share of thermal trauma (TT) is 80%. Lymphocytopenia in TT is a risk factor for infectious complications and limited repair, and the development of new tools for TT therapy using dermal films is demanded in combustiology. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in blood lymphocyte parameters, i.e., quantitative composition and their death during experimental thermal damage under the influence of the originally developed dermal film with melatonin (MT) in 49 inbred rats. The grade IIIA TT of 3.5% body surface was modeled by contact with boiling water for 12 s. Dermal films based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose supplemented with MT at a concentration of 0.005 g/g were applied daily for 5 days. The total numbers of lymphocytes, CD45RA+ and CD3+ cells, counts of lymphocytes with signs of partial necrosis, early and late apoptosis were assessed in blood. Relative decrease in the area and rate of the burn wound epithelization were also calculated. In animals with TT, the number of blood lymphocytes decreased on days 5, 10 and 20, including CD45RA+ and CD3+, along with increased amounts of lymphocytes with signs of necrosis, late and early apoptosis. By the term of 20 days, the burn wound area was reduced by 11.5%. Usage of dermal films with MT increased the amount of CD3+ cells in blood on days 5 and 10, CD45RA+ on days 5, 10 and 20, being associated with decreased number of lymphocytes showing signs of early apoptosis on days 5, 10 and 20, as well as features of necrosis and late apoptosis on days 5 following TT, accelerates the healing of a burn wound on days 5, 10 and 20 after TT. with a 20 cent reduction of its area by the day 20. Epithelization rate of the burn wound when applying MT-supplemented dermal film on days 5, 10 and 20 increases, along with higher amounts of CD3+ in the blood, and reduced counts of lymphocytes with signs of early apoptosis

Immunological aspects of the use of melatonin in experimental thermal trauma

The prevalence of thermal trauma, the high risk of infectious and non-infectious short- and long- term complications, and the limited effectiveness of the therapeutic approaches used are prerequisites for the search and pathogenetic justification of new therapies, among which the endogenous homeostasis regulator with pleiotropic properties melatonin attracts attention.The aim of the work is to investigate the immunological aspects of intraperitoneal use of melatonin (MT) in experimental thermal trauma (TT).The work was performed on 158 rats of the Wistar line, grade III TT and a relative area of 3.5% were simulated by skin immersion in water at 98-99 °C for 12 s. MT was administered intraperitoneally daily at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 5 days. The quantitative composition of blood cells was evaluated on a hematological analyzer. Plasma concentrations of IL-4, TNFa, IFNg, and CRP were determined on an automatic enzyme immunoassay using rat-specific test systems, and MT by capillary electrophoresis.With experimental TT, against the background of a progressive increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood from 5 to 20 days due to neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, the number of lymphocytes decreases. With TT, the concentration of CRP increases in serum on days 5 and 10. The content of TNFa, IL-4 increases on days 5, 10 and 20 in the absence of significant changes in the concentration of IFNg. The concentration of serum MT does not change significantly. Intraperitoneal use of MT in TT leads to a partial restoration of the number of lymphocytes in the blood on day 5. Evaluation of the cytokine profile in serum revealed a decrease in the concentration of TNFa on days 10 and 20, no significant changes in the concentration of IL-4 and IFNg were recorded, the concentration of CRP decreased on day 5. The concentration of serum MT increases by 5 days.With TT on the 5th, 10th, 20th day of the experiment, the number of neutrophils, monocytes, basophils in the blood increases, decreases – lymphocytes, the serum content of CRP, TNFa, IL-4 increases, the content of IFNg and melatonin does not change. Intraperitoneal use of MT in TT partially restores the number of lymphocytes in the blood, the concentration of CRP, TNFa. A decrease in serum concentrations of TNFa and CRP in TT under the conditions of MT use suggests a limitation of the acute phase response as a consequence of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect of MT, which can accelerate healing and reduce the area of the lesion of TT

Stress response in Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 under starvation conditions: Adaptive reactions at a low population density

The adaptive reactions of plant pathogenic bacterium Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 under starvation conditions were studied. The main emphasis was given to the peculiarities of stress responses depending on the bacterial population densities. When bacteria were subjected to starvation at high population densities (107-109CFUml-1), their adaptive reactions conformed to the conventional conception of bacterial adaptation related to autolysis of part of the population, specific modification of cell ultrastructure, activation of expression of stress responsive genes and acquiring cross protection against other stress factors. In contrast, at low initial population densities (103-105CFUml-1), as described in our recent work, the cell density increased due to multiple cell division despite the absence of exogenous growth substrate. Here we present data that demonstrate that such unconventional behavior is part of a stress response, which provides increased stress tolerance while retaining virulence. Cell morphology and gene expression in high- and low-cell-density starving Pba cultures were compared. Our investigation demonstrates the existence of alternative adaptive strategies enabling pathogenic bacteria to cope with a variety of stress factors, including starvation, especially necessary when residing outside of their host. © 2013 Institut Pasteur

Alternative scenarios of starvation-induced adaptation in Pectobacterium atrosepticum

© 2016 Institut Pasteur.Bacteria have high adaptive potential that ensures their survival during various environmental challenges. To adapt, bacteria activate a physiological program of stress response that makes them able to persist under adverse conditions. The present study sought to examine the ability of a particular bacterial species to induce a stress response in alternative scenarios. Cells of the phytopathogenic microorganism Pectobacterium atrosepticum were taken as a model. The cells were exposed to starvation in different physiological states (actively growing exponential phase and stationary phase cells), and the resulting starving cultures were monitored using CFU counting, quantitative PCR and electron microscopy. When exponential phase cells were subjected to starvation, the nucleoids of the cells became condensed and their DNA was detected by qPCR less effectively than that of cells growing in nutrient-rich medium, or stationary phase cells after starvation. Exponential phase cells subjected to starvation showed increased expression of genes encoding DNA binding histone-like proteins, whereas, in cultures inoculated by stationary phase cells, cell-wall-deficient forms that were inefficient at colony forming and that had a non-culturable phenotype were formed. The cell-wall-deficient forms displayed reduced expression of genes encoding synthases of cell wall components

The use of <i>in vitro</i> androgenesis for the involvement of interspecific hybrids between <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. and wild allotetraploid potato species <i>Solanum stoloniferum</i> Schltdl. et Bouché into breeding

Wild allotetraploid potato species Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl. &amp; Bouché from Mexico is regarded as a valuable source of resistance genes for use in breeding. However, introgression of its resistance genes into breeding material is hampered by a set of reproductive barriers. The genomic difference between S. stoloniferum (genome ААВВ) and S. tuberosum L. (AAAA) is one of them. This makes questionable the possibility of transferring a variety of valuable genes of the wild species localized on the chromosomes of its genome B into the genome of cultivated potatoes. It is proposed to produce tetraploid (4x, AAAB) interspecific hybrids of S. stoloniferum, which are regarded as more promising for homoeological recombination than pentaploid (5x, ААААВ) hybrids commonly used in the introgression schemes. However, the effective ploidy of tetraploid hybrids (3EBN) hinders their backcrossing to cultivated potatoes (4 EBN). For instance, our attempts to involve the tetraploid hybrid of S. stoloniferum IGC16/36.1 obtained by us into hybridization with potato varieties were unsuccessful for a number of years. To solve this problem, we suggested a technique based on the production of 4x plants obtained in anther culture of this hybrid. The present research was aimed at assessing the efficiency of this approach.Thirty-one plants were obtained in anther culture (androgenic clones, androclones) of the hybrid IGC16/36.1 in 2018. Most of them exceeded the initial hybrid in habitus strength and flowering intensity. As a result of crosses made in 2019, 1039 hybrid seeds were obtained from crossing 21 androclones with the ‘Lemhi Russet’ variety (8.7 seeds/pollination), 1017 seeds (7.5 seeds/pollination) from crosses of 23 androclones with the ‘Quarta’ variety, and 716 seeds (12.3 seeds/pollination) from crosses of 11 androclones and a diploid potato line IGC 17n8 capable of producing fertile unreduced (2n) pollen. The hybrid seeds had good germination rate of 70-90%. Among the androclones that gave progeny in crosses with potato varieties, we identified genotypes carrying DNA markers of late blight (LB) resistance genes Rpi-sto1, R2 and R3b, PVY resistance genes Ryadg, Rysto and Rychc, and potato wart disease resistance gene Sen2 (these markers were found in the initial accession of S. stoloniferum PI 205522 and in the IGC 16/36.1 hybrid). Despite the complex nature of inheritance of the analyzed markers in progenies of backcrosses of androclones, a number of isolated hybrids carried several markers, including those of the Rpi-sto1, a broad-spectrum gene for high resistance to late blight. Hybrids with relatively high tuber productivity, features of cultivated potatoes such as regularly shaped tubers with small eyes, and high field resistance to late blight were selected.The prospects for using androclones of the tetraploid interspecific hybrid IGC 16/36.1 for increasing the frequency of homoeologous A/B recombination of chromosomes are discussed

Development of chromosome-specific markers for a study on introgressive hybridization of potato with the wild Mexican allotetraploid species Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl

In order to involve valuable germplasm of the wild Mexican allotetraploid potato species Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl. (genomic composition ААВВ) into breeding, pentaploid interspecific hybrids (ААAAВ) with cultivated potato S. tuberosum L. (АААА) and their backcross progenies are usually used. Homologous synapsis in meiosis of such hybrids is expected only between chromosomes of the A subgenome, therefore a question arose about a possibility of introgressing genetic material of the subgenome B into the A genome of cultivated potato. In this connection, development of various schemes for the B subgenome introgression into the genome of cultivated potato is considered as a topical issue. The previous research has yielded four schemes of S. stoloniferum involvement into breeding, which imply backcrossing with cultivated potato of the following interspecific hybrids: (1) hexaploids (genomic composition ААААВВ, the conventional introgression scheme), (2) tetraploids (putatively, АААВ), (3) self-pollination progeny of a 4x hybrid and (4) pentaploid hybrids with a putative genome composition of АААВВ. The present paper presents the first results of the development of chromosome-specific DNA markers for the identification of S. stoloniferum chromosomes in interspecific hybrids. An S. stoloniferum accession PI 205522 with a high degree of resistance to late blight and PVY had been found to possess several DNA-markers of the R-genes conferring resistance to these pathogens and was used in hybridization as a promising parent. A set of 23 SSR- and CAPS markers with the known chromosome location in S. tuberosum was generated. These markers detect polymorphism between parent genotypes, i.e., the diploid clone IGC 10/1.21 of cultivated potatoes S. tuberosum, and accession PI 205522 of S. stoloniferum. All the markers specific for the wild species were found in triploid (ААВ) and pentaploid (АААВВ) hybrids of S. stoloniferum × S. tuberosum. This set of markers will be used for efficiency assessment of different schemes for S. stoloniferum genetic material introgression into the obtained BC2-BC3 generations after crossing the interspecific hybrids with cultivated potato