Кризис экономики роста как системы: причины и следствия

Актуальность данной работы продиктована кризисным состоянием современной модели экономики. В основе этой модели лежат постулаты о необходимости постоянного роста экономики, который обеспечивается за счет конечного потребления. В обеспечение же реализации такой модели положены монетарные подходы и методы стимулирования потребительского спроса как основного драйвера экономического роста. Венцом данной модели стала долговая экономика потребления обществ индивидуалистов, не имеющих системы традиционных ценностей, а ориентирующихся на иллюзорные временные цели краткосрочного периода. Так, эгоцентрическая модель экономики заняла главенствующее положение по отношению к экологической модели экономики, обнажив массу системообразующих противоречий. Будущее оказалось под угрозой… Целью данной работы является анализ исходных причин этих противоречий, факторов возникновения кризисных явлений и угроз, с которыми столкнулось человечество на современном этапе развития, а также возможных альтернатив устранения этих противоречий и угроз. The relevance of this work is dictated by a critical state of the modern model of the economy. The basis of this model is construed by postulates about the need for sustained economic growth, which is provided by end-use. Monetary approaches and methods of consumer demand stimulation as a main incentive of economic growth guarantee the model implementation. On the top of this model there is a debt consumer economy of a society of individualists who do not have a system of traditional values, but instead have illusory short-term goals. Thus, an egocentric model of the economy has taken a dominant position in relation to an ecological economic model, revealing a lot of systemic contradictions. The future was under threat... The aim of this work is the analysis of the causes of these conflicts, the factors of crisis phenomena, the threats, which mankind faced at this stage of development, and the possible ways of elimination of the contradictions and threats as well. Methods: comparative analysis and synthesis of theoretical fundamental economic sources and assumptions, practical research and personal experience of various Russian and foreign scientists and business practitioners, the results, observations and conclusions arising from the personal experience of the author and his own theoretical research and inventions, and analysis of statistical data

Muscle Oxygenation, Heart Rate, and Blood Lactate Concentration During Submaximal and Maximal Interval Swimming

This study aimed to determine the relationship between three testing procedures during different intensity interval efforts in swimming. Twelve national-level swimmers of both genders executed, on different occasions and after a standardized warm-up, a swimming protocol consisting of either a submaximal (Submax: 8 efforts of 50 m) or a maximal interval (Max: 4 efforts of 15 m), followed by two series of four maximal 25 m efforts. Near-infrared spectroscopy in terms of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) were analyzed at three testing points: after the Submax or the Max protocol (TP1), after the 1st 4 × 25-m (TP2), and after the 2nd maximal 4 × 25-m set (TP3). BLa and HR showed significant changes during all testing points in both protocols (P ≤ 0.01; ES range: 0.45–1.40). SmO2 was different only between TP1 and TP3 in both protocols (P ≤ 0.05–0.01; ES range: 0.36–1.20). A large correlation during the Max protocol between SmO2 and HR (r: 0.931; P ≤ 0.01), and also between SmO2 and BLa was obtained at TP1 (r: 0.722; P ≤ 0.05). A range of moderate-to-large correlations was revealed for SmO2/HR, and BLa/HR for TP2 and TP3 after both protocols (r range: 0.595–0.728; P ≤ 0.05) were executed. SmO2 is a novel parameter that can be used when aiming for a comprehensive evaluation of competitive swimmers' acute responses to sprint interval swimming, in conjunction with HR and BLa. Copyright © 2021 Dalamitros, Semaltianou, Toubekis and Kabasakalis

Acute and Long-Term Effects of Concurrent Resistance and Swimming Training on Swimming Performance

Dry-land resistance exercise (RT) is routinely applied concurrent to swimming (SWIM) training sessions in a year-round training plan. To date, the impact of the acute effect of RT on SWIM or SWIM on RT performance and the long-term RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training outcome has received limited attention. The existing studies indicate that acute RT or SWIM training may temporarily decrease subsequent muscle function. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT may induce similar physiological alterations. Such alterations are dependent on the recovery duration between sessions. Considering the long-term effects of RT-SWIM, the limited existing data present improvements in front crawl swimming performance, dry-land upper and lower body maximum strength, and peak power in swim turn. Accordingly, SWIM-RT training order induces swimming performance improvements in front crawl and increments in maximum dry-land upper and lower body strength. Concurrent application of RT-SWIM or SWIM-RT training applied within a training day leads in similar performance gains after six to twelve weeks of training. The current review suggests that recovery duration between RT and SWIM is a predisposing factor that may determine the training outcome. Competitive swimmers may benefit after concurrent application with both training order scenarios during a training cycle. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

The effects of recovery duration during high-intensity interval exercise on time spent at high rates of oxygen consumption, oxygen kinetics, and blood lactate

Smilios, I, Myrkos, A, Zafeiridis, A, Toubekis, A, Spassis, A, and Tokmakidis, SP. The effects of recovery duration during highintensity interval exercise on time spent at high rates of oxygen consumption, oxygen kinetics, and blood lactate. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2183-2189, 2018-The recovery duration and the work-to-recovery ratio are important aspects to consider when designing a high-intensity aerobic interval exercise (HIIE). This study examined the effects of recovery duration on total exercise time performed above 80, 90, and 95% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and heart rate (HRmax) during a single-bout HIIE. We also evaluated the effects on VO2 and HR kinetics, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Eleven moderately trained men (22.1 ± 1 year) executed, on 3 separate sessions, 4 × 4-minute runs at 90% of maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) with 2, 3, and 4 minutes of active recovery. Recovery duration did not affect the percentage of VO2max attained and the total exercise time above 80, 90, and 95% of VO2max. Exercise time above 80 and 90% of HRmax was longer with 2 and 3 minutes (p ≤ 0.05) as compared with the 4-minute recovery. Oxygen uptake and HR amplitude were lower, mean response time slower (p ≤ 0.05), and blood lactate and RPE higher with 2 minutes compared with 4-minute recovery (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, aerobic metabolism attains its upper functional limits with either 2, or 3 or 4 minutes of recovery during the 4 × 4-minute HIIE; thus, all rest durations could be used for the enhancement of aerobic capacity in sports, fitness, and clinical settings. The short (2 minutes) compared with longer (4 minutes) recovery, however, evokes greater cardiovascular and metabolic stress and activates to a greater extent anaerobic glycolysis and hence, could be used by athletes to induce greater overall physiological challenge. © 2017 National Strength and Conditioning Association

Physiological responses during interval training at relative to critical velocity intensity in young swimmers

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses on three interval training sets performed at intensities relative to the critical velocity which was calculated from two different combinations of distances using a 2-parameter linear model. Methods: In a controlled repeated measures design, ten male well trained swimmers (age: 15.2±1.2years) swam 5×400-m, 10×200-m and 20×100-m on separate days with rest to swimming ratio 1:8, aiming to maintain the critical velocity calculated from distances of 50, 100, 200, 400-m (CV4) or 200, 400-m (CV200-400). Results: The sustained velocity on the 5×400-m was lower compared to CV4 and velocity on the 20×100-m was higher compared to CV200-400. The velocity on the 10×200-m was kept similar to both CV4 and CV200-400 (5×400-m: 1.27±0.07 vs. CV4: 1.33±0.09ms-1, p<0.05; 20×100-m: 1.32±0.02 vs. CV200-400: 1.28±0.09ms-1, p<0.05; 10×200-m: 1.30±0.10ms-1 vs. CV4 and CV200-400, p>0.05). The blood lactate concentration increased after 1200 compared to 400-m (4.45±0.23 vs. 5.82±0.24mmoll-1, p<0.05) and was no different between sets (p>0.05). Stroke rate and stroke length were not different between and within conditions (p>0.05). Heart rate during the recovery periods was lower in the 5×400-m compared to 10×200-m and 20×100-m training set (p<0.05). Conclusion: Interval swimming pace can be adjusted in relation to critical velocity calculated from distances of 200 and 400-m or from distance of 50, 100, 200, 400m. When the distance of repetitions is increased from 100 to 200 and 400-m the velocity should be reduced by 2% to achieve similar metabolic responses. © 2011 Sports Medicine Australia

Flexibility training in preadolescent female athletes: Acute and long-term effects of intermittent and continuous static stretching

This study compared the acute and long-term effects of intermittent and continuous static stretching training on straight leg raise range of motion (ROM). Seventy-seven preadolescent female gymnasts were divided into a stretching (n = 57), and a control group (n = 20). The stretching group performed static stretching of the hip extensors of both legs, three times per week for 15 weeks. One leg performed intermittent (3 × 30 s with 30 s rest) while the other leg performed continuous stretching (90 s). ROM pre- and post-stretching was measured at baseline, on weeks 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and after 2 weeks of detraining. ROM was increased during both intermittent and continuous stretching training, but remained unchanged in the control group. Intermittent stretching conferred a larger improvement in ROM compared to both continuous stretching and control from week 3, until the end of training, and following detraining (p = 0.045 to 0.001 and d = 0.80 to 1.41). During detraining, ROM after the intermittent protocol decreased (p = 0.001), while it was maintained after the continuous protocol (p = 0.36). Acute increases in ROM following the intermittent stretching were also larger than in the continuous (p = 0.038). Intermittent stretching was more effective than continuous, for both long-term and acute ROM enhancement in preadolescent female athletes. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

The influence of the hand’s acceleration and the relative contribution of drag and lift forces in front crawl swimming

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the hand’s acceleration on the propulsive forces and the relative contribution of the drag and lift on their resultant force in the separate phases of the front crawl underwater arm stroke. Ten female swimmers swam one trial of all-out 25-m front crawl. The underwater motion of each swimmer’s right hand was recorded using four camcorders and four periscope systems. Anatomical landmarks were digitised, and the propulsive forces generated by the swimmer’s hand were estimated from the kinematic data in conjunction with hydrodynamic coefficients. When the hand’s acceleration was taken into account, the magnitude of the propulsive forces was greater, with the exception of the mean drag force during the final part of the underwater arm stroke. The mean drag force was greater than the mean lift force in the middle part, while the mean lift force was greater than the mean drag force in the final part of the underwater arm stroke. Thus, swimmers should accelerate their hands from the beginning of their backward motion, press the water with large pitch angles during the middle part and sweep with small pitch angles during the final part of their underwater arm stroke. © 2014, © 2014 Taylor & Francis

Effect of a Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution on Fluid Balance and Performance at a Thermoneutral Environment in International-Level Fencers

Chryssanthopoulos, C, Tsolakis, C, Bottoms, L, Toubekis, A, Zacharogiannis, E, Pafili, Z, and Maridaki, M. Effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on fluid balance and performance at a thermoneutral environment in international-level fencers. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 152-161, 2020-The purpose of the study was to examine a possible effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on fluid balance and performance in fencing at a thermoneutral environment. Sixteen fencers performed two 120-minute training sessions separated by 7-14 days under similar environmental conditions (temperature: 20.3° C and humidity: 45-47%). Each session consisted of 60-minute conditioning exercises followed by 10 bouts of 3 minutes against the same opponent with 3-minute interval between each bout. Participants ingested at regular intervals either a 6% CHO-E solution or an artificially sweetened water (PL) in a counterbalanced order. No difference was observed between conditions in the heart rate responses, perceived exertion, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, number of bouts won or lost, or points for and against. Considerable variability was observed in body mass changes that revealed significant differences at the time level (i.e., pre- vs. post-exercise) (F1,15 = 9.31, p = 0.008, η = 0.38), whereas no difference was found between conditions (i.e., CHO-E vs. PL) (F1,15 = 0.43, p = 0.52, η = 0.03) and conditions × time interaction (F1,15 = 3.57, p = 0.078, η = 0.19). Fluid loss was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.08, d = 0.47). The blood glucose level was higher (p < 0.01) after exercise in CHO-E, whereas the blood lactate level was similar between conditions. In conclusion, the CHO-E solution was as effective as the artificially sweetened water in terms of fluid balance and fencing performance at a thermoneutral environment. Because of large individual variability, fencers should monitor their fluid intake and body fluid loss in training and competition