Микроэлементы в пыли снежного покрова на примере городов Тюмень и Тобольск

Inhomogeneities of trace elements content in dust of snow cover were studied in two industrial Siberian cities Tobolsk and Tyumen. The clustering method was used, for which standardized values of the content of trace elements in the snow dust of both cities were used. Eight clusters have been identified, which were divided into two classes by location: Tyumen and Tobolsk. The classes were divided into groups: non-specific and specific ones, of which the two subgroups were distinguished: technogenic and natural. The average values of trace elements in nominal terms were calculated for each cluster. Clusters C1, C2, C4, C7, C8 are characterized by a high content of heavy metals V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, Zn, Cd, W, Pb. Background clusters C5 and C6 have a low content of trace elements. Specific technogenic C4 contains more copper than other clusters, and C2 contains more lead. Sources of the formation of technogenic clusters are emissions into the atmosphere of enterprises of the fuel and energy complex, foundry and machine-building industries, and transport. The heterogeneity of the content of microelements in the snow dust under background conditions is demonstrated. The microelements are divided into natural background (cluster C5) and the background with anthropogenic pollution with higher content of Ag and Sn (cluster C6). In urban conditions, a solid phase of snow with a low and minimal content of trace elements in dust (cluster C3) is formed. Increased content of Ni and a reduced content of Pb and Sc is noted in the C3 cluster relative to C5 щту. Using the Mann-Whitne test, it was revealed that the content of trace elements in snow dust within the cities Tyumen and Tobolsk are different for the following elements: Li, V, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Pb. Mean values in are higher than similar ones in Tyumen. The content of Zn, As, Rb, Sc elements in urban clusters differs by more than two times relative to the background ones. In the case of elements Sn, Cs, W, the content of them in the snow dust of Tyumen is higher than that of Tobolsk. The method of clustering makes possible to identify natural background values (C5) and to calculate more precise values of the coefficient Kc as well as to determine the index of the integral pollution. In Tobolsk, the index is indicative of high and dangerous level of pollution, especially in the zone of technogenic impact. The average level is typical for the city of Tyumen.Выявлены различия содержания микроэлементов снеговой пыли в городах Тюмень и Тобольск с применением иерархического кластерного анализа. Для кластеризации использованы стандартизованные взвешенные значения. Выделено восемь кластеров, разделённых на группы и подгруппы. Обоснована неоднородность состава микроэлементов. Показано, что в Тобольске содержание элементов выше, чем в Тюмени и соответственно экологическая опасность территорий Тобольска выше, чем Тюмени

Анализ неоднородности химического состава снежного покрова с использованием методов кластеризации (k-means) и ГИС-технологии

The purpose of the work is a comparative analysis of the geochemical spectra of melt water and dust in the snow cover of the city of Tyumen and its surroundings. Sampling was carried out in 2020 using standard methods. Content of macro-elements (Na, Mg, Al, P, S, K, Ca, Fe, Mn) was determined by the ICP-AES atomic emission method (iCAP-6500, Thermo Scientific, USA), microelements – by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma ICP- MS (X-7 Thermo Elemental, USA). The main method of analyzing the inhomogeneity of the territory was multidimensional cluster analysis (k-means). If sampling points have a high (or low) content of individual chemical elements, but are located among the points with lower (or higher) content, then the problem of formation of them arises. The problem points of water-soluble macro-elements have a high content of Na, Ca and Mg that results from the use of different anti-icing reagents. Macro-elements of the solid phase of snow are mostly similar in composition to background soils; the problem points are more often found in the northern part of the city, however some of them may be observed in other sites. According to the geochemical spectrum, microelements of the liquid phase of the snow cover are divided into four clusters. Background cluster С1 is located at the maximum distance (20–35 km) from the city center. It is distinguished by higher contents of Ni, Cu, Pb, Li, Sn, W relative to the background cluster С2. The cluster С2 has the lowest content of microelements and combines some points of the background also in the central part of the city. Cluster С3 (2 points) is located in the industrial area. By the composition of microelements, the cluster С4 has a geochemical spectrum similar to the С2 cluster, but with a higher content of them. According to the content of microelements in the solid phase, the C1 cluster combines the background and partly urban areas. Clusters С2 and С3 are similar in geochemical spectrum, but differ in the content of heavy metals. Geographically, they tend to the northern part of the city. Problem points are notable in cluster C4. They are located far from the industrial zone and main roads. Their localization may be caused by the precipitation of snow dust from the atmosphere during its regional transport.Исследован химический состав снежного покрова в г. Тюмень и его окрестностях. Для изучения неоднородности территории использовался кластерный анализ (k-means). Его результаты отражают концентрирование на местности точек, схожих по геохимическому спектру, вокруг некоторых сравнительно однородных ядер. Обнаружены точки с высоким содержанием тяжёлых металлов, удалённые от источников загрязнения. Предполагается, что вымывание аэрозолей жидкими осадками из атмосферы может создавать повышенную концентрацию некоторых элементов в снежном покрове в виде мозаичных пятен. Кластеризация позволяет выявлять неоднородность химического состава снега, а использование ГИС-технологий – визуализировать расположение выделенных кластеров

Оценка содержания металлов и металлоидов в снежном покрове на участках нефтедобычи Среднего Приобья

This article presents results of investigation of dust load and content of metals and metalloids (MMs) in the snow samples taken at the Vatinskoye oil field (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District - Yugra). Concentrations of dissolved and suspended forms of MMs in 20 samples collected in March 2021 were determined by the ICP-MS and ICP-AES methods. Eighteen elements (Ag, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Ti, W, and Zn) indicating various sources of emissions were selected for further analysis. Filters with a pore diameter of 0.45 μm were used to separate dissolved and suspended forms. Enrichment of the suspension with chalcophile elements (Ag, Cu, Zn, Sn, Sb, Pb) was noted in the background areas. Calculations of enrichment coefficients (CO) using Li as a reference element demonstrated that Cu, Mn and Ni come from natural sources (rocks and soils), while the others have a mixed natural-anthropogenic origin. It was noted also that the mass fraction of a number of metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) increases in solid-phase deposits. The metals Zn, Cu and Cr are mainly contained in snow in suspended form, and Ni - both in dissolved and suspended forms. As a result of calculations of the total Cr pollution index, most of the deposit is classified as "low, non-hazardous" pollution areas. The highest concentrations of MMs in the snow were found in the southern part of the deposit, where the main infrastructure facilities and the communications lines are concentrated, including roads, railways and pipelines. They were specified as "average, moderately dangerous" level of pollution. To determine sources of pollution, the factor analysis was applied, and as a result of which two main factors were identified: 1) the background pollution, which is indicative of deposition of Cu, Sn, Sb, Ag; 2) the anthropogenic one, corresponding to high levels of Cr, Ni, Zn. Spatial analysis of the MMs distribution showed that the deposition of Ni, Cr is associated with drilling operations, while Zn - with the presence of transport. The data obtained can be used to understand the processes of atmospheric deposition of potentially toxic metals and metalloids, as well as to assess the quality of the environment at oil and gas fields.Проведена оценка уровня загрязнения снежного покрова потенциально токсичными металлами и металлоидами на территории Ватинского нефтяного месторождения (Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра). В результате исследования фильтрата талого снега и твёрдофазных выпадений (частиц крупнее 0,45 мкм) отмечено увеличение концентрации Ni и Cr, связанное с ведением буровых работ, а также Zn за счёт работы транспорта. Уровень загрязнения возрастает на участках с повышенной концентрацией промышленных объектов

Soil cover feature of Hylmigyakha basin (Nadym-Purovskoye interfluve)

Дана оценка особенностей почв Южно-Надым-Пуровской провинции, бассейна реки Хыльмигъяха. Данные получены при проведении полевых работ, в процессе которых отобраны пробы почв для химического анализа, выполнены описания почвенных разрезов. В результате выделено три крупных морфогенетических комплекса почв, составлен систематический список почв исследуемой территории. Рассмотрены геохимические параметры, закономерности формирования почвенного покрова в зависимости от положения в рельефе и свойств почвообразующих пород. Почвы отличаются кислой реакцией среды в поверхностных горизонтах, бедны гумусом, имеют низкие запасы элементов минерального питания растений. В депрессиях рельефа при близком залегании мерзлоты развиваются болотные мезотрофные и эвтрофные почвы. Почвенный покров неоднороден, имеет сложную мозаичную структуру; изменение типов почв в пространстве сопряжено со сменой элементов рельефа, микроклимата, водного режима и растительности. Для почвенного покрова характерно преобладание подзолообразовательного процесса под лесами и редколесьями и покровного заторфовывания на болотах.The assessment of soil features of Southern Nadym-Purovsky province, Hylmigyakha basin is given. The data are collected during the field work, when soil samples were taken for chemical analysis; the description of soil profiles has been performed. As a result, three major morphogenetic soil complexes are identified; soil systematic list of the study area is compiled. Geochemical parameters, regularities of soil cover formation depending on the position in a relief and properties of parent rock are considered. Soils have acid reaction in the surface horizons, they are humus-poor, and have low reserves of plants’ mineral nutrients. Mesotrophic bog eftrofnye soils develop in relief depressions at the close bedding of permafrost. The soil cover is heterogeneous, has a complex mosaic structure; variation of soil types in the space is associated with the change of landscape elements, climate, water regime and vegetation. The soil cover is characterized by a predominant podzolization process under forests and woodlands and marshes peatifying

Features of monitoring mechanical dislocation of land-scapes at hydrocarbon extraction facilities (Purovsky district of Yamal-Nenets autonomous area)

В статье рассмотрены типы механических нарушений ландшафтов в районах нефтегазодобычи (Пуровский район Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа). Ландшафтные комплексы данной территории выполняют ресурсные функции, характеризующие хозяйственную ценность ландшафтов и существующий режим их использования. Мониторинг ландшафтов организуется для наблюдения за изменением их состояния: выявления антропогенной нагрузки, динамики площадей антропогенных изменений, степени деградации природных комплексов. Дана оценка зависимости распространения опасных экзогенных процессов от техногенного воздействия. Отмечены особенности рекультивации растительного покрова на нарушенных ландшафтах. В качестве примера дана оценка уровня нагрузки на природные ландшафты Западно-Таркосалинского газового промысла. Определена степень трансформации ландшафтов и площадь, занятая разными типами антропогенных ландшафтов на территории месторождения. Сделан вывод о том, что основное значение для сохранения почвенно-растительного покрова при промышленном освоении территории имеет максимальная локализация всех видов воздействий в процессе строительства и эксплуатации промышленного комплекса.The article describes the types of mechanical landscape disfigurement in the areas of oil and gas production (Purovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area). The landscape complexes of the considered territory function as the resources characterizing economic value of landscapes and at the same time existing mode of their use. Landscape monitoring is organized to supervise their change: anthropogenic impact, dynamics of the areas under anthropogenic impact, degradation extent of natural complexes. The dependence of distribution of dangerous exogenous processes on technogenic burden is assessed. Rehabilitation features of the disturbed landscapes are registered. The assessment of load level on natural landscapes of the West Tarko-Sale gas field is given for illustrative purposes. The degree of landscape transformation and the area occupied with different types of anthropogenic landscapes in the field territory are defined. It is concluded that, to preserve soil and vegetable cover at industrial development of the territory, it is vital to maximize localization of all types of influence in the course of construction and operation of an industrial complex

Dependence of the biota structure on the climate throughout the territory of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous okrug

Исследуются количественные закономерности распределения биотических таксонов на территории Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Показана их тесная связь с климатом через посредство индекса тепла (суммы положительных температур), контролирующего поступление тепла из атмосферы на поверхность Земли. Составлены схематические карты изолиний основных характеристик климата в ЯНАО. Установлен характер распределения таксонов биоты: растений (видов, родов, семейств, порядков, классов) и животных (видов, родов, семейств, отрядов) по географическим зонам и подзонам рассматриваемого региона. Установлены особенности, построены графики и получены формулы географической (климатической) и иерархической зависимости количества биотических таксонов любого ранга, оценена их достоверность. Проанализированы соотношения таксонов животных и растений на территории ЯНАО. Показаны единство и взаимообусловленность существования растений и животных, их общая зависимость от климата, при этом отношение численности родов, видов, семейств, а у животных и отрядов – к численности видов, – постоянная величина, не зависящая от климата.The article examines quantitative regularities in the distribution of biotic taxa in Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug. Their close relationship with the climate is demonstrated with the heat index (the sum of positive temperatures), which controls the flow of heat from the atmosphere to the Earth surface. We created schematic maps of isolines of the main characteristics of the climate in YNAO. The character of distribution of biota taxa is described, concerning plants (species, genera, families, orders, classes) and animals (species, genera, families, orders) by geographic zones and sub-zones of the studied region. We consider features, graphs and formulas of the geographical (climatic) and hierarchical dependence of the number of biotic taxa of different ranks, and assess their reliability. The ratio of taxa of animals and plants on the territory of Yamal is analyzed. It is concluded that the unity and interdependence of the existence of plants and animals, their total dependence on the climate and, thus, the relation of number of geni, species, families (and orders – when speaking of animals) to the number of species is constant and does not depend on climate