HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN EXOTIC COWS DURING GESTATION AND LACTATION UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS

Seventy Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows of different ages kept at the Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey (Pattoki), district Kasur, Pakistan were used for this study. These cows were divided into seven groups having 10 animals in each group. Group numbers 1 to 7 were named as pregnant heifers, pregnant lactating cows, non-pregnant dry cows, non-pregnant heifers, parturient cows, pregnant dry cows and non-pregnant lactating cows, respectively. Blood samples from all the animals were collected and haematological values were recorded, using routine haematological procedures. The highest Hb concentration (11.32 ± 0.32 gm/dl) was recorded in group-4, while the lowest (9.24 ± 0.35 gm/dl) was observed in group-7. The highest RBCs count and PCV (6.18 ± 0.47 x 106/µl and 35.51 ± 1.51%) were recorded in group-4 and the lowest (4.55 ± 0.26 x 106/µl and 29.23 ± 1.09%) values were observed in group-6. The highest MCV, MCH and MCHC (65.26 ± 1.96 fl, 23.50 ± 1.31 pg and 35.75 ± 0.99 gm/dl) were noted in group-5 and the lowest (55.16 ± 1.72 fl, 16.77 ± 1.14 pg and 30.09 ± 1.15 gm/dl) were noted in group-2. The highest ESR (7.60 ± 1.15 mm/24 hours) was recorded in group-6 and the lowest (4.89 ± 0.40 mm/24 hours) values were observed in group-5. The highest WBCs count (9.43 ± 1.15 x 103/µl) was observed in group-1 and the lowest (6.35 ± 0.72 x 103/µl) was recorded in group-5. Amongst DLC, highest (P<0.05) lymphocyte count (69.10 ± 2.55%) was observed in group-4, while lowest count (56.70 ± 5.16%) was in group-5. The differences between monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil and basophil counts in all the groups were statistically non-significant

PROSPECTS OF CANCER REGISTRATION SYSTEM AT ZIAUDDIN UNIVERSITY

Despite cancer being one of the most common causes of mortality in Pakistan, little authentic data is available regarding the status, incidence and survival of cancer in our population the reason being the non existence of a national cancer registry and major neglect in this area. A cancer registry gathers, and analyses data on individuals with cancer, to formulate directives for control. Several scientific studies are coming up regarding the putative risk factors in relation to chemical, biological and environmental carcinogens associated in cancer pathogenesis. The recent risk factor analysis based on epidemiology, molecular biology and genetics of colon cancer has given a major to its management [1]. However, information regarding these risk factors and cancer burden from our country is not adequate to formulate and implement policies for primary and secondary prevention. This makes the formation of a cancer registry crucial. In addition, standardized data maintained in cancer registries can be used not only for clinical research but also for epidemiological research and to improve quality of care by healthcare planning and monitoring [2]. As cancer registries play a major role in assessing cancer burden and formulating cancer control programs, incorrect data can have detrimental effects on the resources of a developing country like Pakistan. It is therefore of utmost importance that the data collected by cancer registries is reliable and standardized [3]

Extra-Constitutional Action in Pakistan.

The purpose of this work has been to consider the three major constitutional breakdowns which took place in Pakistan, viz., the dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly by the Governor-General in October, 1954, the abrogation of the Constitution of 1956 and declaration of martial law by the President in October, 1958, and the abrogation of the Constitution of 1962 and declaration of martial law by the Commander-in-Chief of the Army in March, 1969. In order to put them in proper perspective a general survey of the constitutional development in Pakistan since independence till about the middle of 1971 had to be made. But the main focus of the deliberations, however, has been on the background of the actions taken on those three occasions and the conququent constitutional and legal implications in the subsequent development. In the first chapter a general introduction describes the constitutional position of Pakistan at independence, followed, in Chapter II, by a discussion on the composition and function of the first Constituent Assembly and its endeavour to draft a constitution for the country. Chapter III deals with the dissolution of the Assembly by the Governor-General and his attempt to promulgate a constitution by decree, and the Courts' views of the Governor-General's action. In Chapter IV an analysis of the crisis has been made with a view to identifying the real grounds that led the Governor-General to act, as he acted. The circumstances preceding the abrogation of the Constitution of 1956 and martial law in 1958 have been discussed in Chapter V, followed, in Chapter VI, by consideration of the functioning of the martial law administration and the Courts' view of the situation. Chapter VII deals with a reflection on the President's action and the extent of his responsibility for the breakdown. The statutory and constitutional progress made during the martial law period (1958-1962) have been dealt with in Chapter VIII. The promulgation and working of the 1962 Constitution have been discussed in Chapter IX, while Chapter X discusses the reaction and political movement against that Constitution. Chapter XI deals with the abrogation of the Constitution and the declaration of martial law in 1969, together with the measures taken by the military regime to restore constitutional rule. In Chapter XII, cases arising out of the similar situations in other Commonwealth countries as decided by their Courts, where leading Pakistani cases were cited, have (been discussed. In the concluding chapter justification bf, and objections to, the actions have been considered, and the prospect of democracy and constitutional rule, in the conditions prevailing before the India-Pakistan war in December, 1971, has been generally discussed

EFFECT OF PREPARTUM TREATMENT OF VITAMIN E-SELENIUM ON POSTPARTUM REPRODUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF EXOTIC COWS AND THEIR CALVES UNDER SUBTROPICAL CONDITIONS

This study was carried out at the Livestock Experiment Station, Bhunikey (Pattoki), District Kasur, Pakistan. Forty exotic cows (20 each of Holstein Friesian and Jersey breed) in their last trimester of pregnancy were randomly selected. These cows were divided into two equal groups. Animals of group-I served as control and were injected with 20 ml sterile normal saline intramuscularly, while each cow in group-II was treated with vitamin E-selenium (vitamin E acetate 50.0 mg and sodium selenite 0.5 mg/ml) twice (20 ml at each time) with one-week interval. First injection was given at about 40-60 days prior to the expected date of calving. Calves born to the experimental cows were monitored to study the carry over effect of treatment, if any, from dams to the calves. The reproductive parameters, viz. placental expulsion period, uterine involution period, postpartum insemination interval, service period and number of services per conception in the cows of treated group were significantly (P<0.05) lesser compared with those of the control group. However, the differences in production parameters, i.e., lactation milk yield, lactation length and wet average between the two groups were statistically non significant. The same was true for birth weight, weaning weight and growth rate upto weaning between calves of the two groups. In conclusion, it appears that administration of vitamin E-selenium before calving may be beneficial in improving the postpartum reproductive parameters in exotic cows. However, number of animals used in each group was too small to draw any definite conclusion