Social equity : a route to progressive taxation of individuals

Most countries of the world use a progressive scale to tax individuals. However, the level of tax progression decreased a lot thanks to a lower number of rates and their fall in the first two decades of the XXI-st century as liberal ideas had spread in the middle of the XX-th century. Individuals’ income can be taxed either at a progressive or a flat scale of rates. At the same time, there is no straightforward position, which scale to choose in the economic theory. Tying the personal income tax rate not to the absolute figures of income, but to such categories as a household’s subsistence level, a budget of a household in comfortable circumstances would be reasonable in conditions of a dynamic Russian market environment burdened with inflationary phenomena. This model of the personal income tax and the use of a progressive scale in a city with population numbers of up to 20 million people shows that the tax will rise by a mere US $4.7 compared with the current 13the income tax for medium paid workers will rise by US$ 57.8. At the same time the figure rose by US$ 372.9 for highly paid employees. The use of this model ensures a significant increase of budget income of a region and closure of the gap between wages of highly and low paid workers employed in the economy.peer-reviewe

Extraction and Serological Properties of Mycobacterium Cell Surface and Excreted Proteins

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. Modern medicine still faces the task of distinguishing active and latent tuberculosis cases at the early stage of the disease. Serological approaches have their advantages for their use in diagnostics. However, the progress of these approaches is ongoing but further progress is needed to meet the needs for this disease. Here, we extracted Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv proteins from culture medium or from the cell surface and studied their reactivity with anti-M. tuberculosis serum in both ELISA and immunoblots. We found that M. tuberculosis surface proteins, extracted using dimethyl sulfoxide, with molecular weights in the range of 6.5–200 kDa, showed strong specific reactivity with anti-M. tuberculosis positive serum. While excreted proteins in the molecular weight range of 32–45 kDa had the highest reactivity. The latter was confirmed serologically when very weak signal was detected from the filtrate fractions compared to stronger activity from the Vivaspin 50 kDa MWCO retentates. Moreover, Mycobacterium bovis and tuberculosis proteins from the filter retentates had clear specific serum reactivity, which suggests that this approach can be used for differential diagnosis of two infections

Macroeconomic indicators and their impact on the foreign debt burden : the case of BRICS countries

The main aim of this article is to analyse the macro indicators affecting the foreign debt burden of BRICS. It has been proven that it is required to design development scenarios in mid-term planning via forming a numerical estimate plane, taking into account expectations of economic variables’ behavior and other factors, which would stabilize the debt burden and other indicators at sensible levels. Using the elimination approach towards the impact of all factors on the amount on the end result except one, the article formulates and proves the hypothesis that market indicators in relation to GDP influence the size of the country’s debt.peer-reviewe

Energy shift experiment in photonic crystal medium

© Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. We propose experimental confirmation of the new effect of the electron mass changes in photonic crystal medium, which was recently predicted. The method consists in measuring the Lamb shift in hydrogen atoms placed in the medium of photonic crystal. We discuss the experimental scheme based on the Lamb and Retherford experiment as well as the requirements for the samples of photonic crystals

Numerical simulation of discharge plasma generation and nitriding the metals and alloys

This research provides the numerical simulation of the plasma generation in a hollow cathode as well as the diffusion of nitrogen atoms into the metal in the low-pressure glow discharge plasma. The characteristics of the gas discharge were obtained and the relation of the basic technological parameters and the structural and phase state of the nitrided material were defined. Authors provided the comparison of calculations with the experimental results of titanium nitriding by low-pressure glow discharge plasma in a hollow cathode

To the 50th anniversary of hematology service of the Republic of Tatarstan

The article presents an overview of the development of hematology service in the Republic of Tatarstan. The well-known scientist Nikolay Konstantinovich Goryaev (1875-1943), who worked in Kazan for a long time, began to develop this direction and after passing an internship in Germany proposed an improved device for calculating the blood elements known throughout the world. Adherents of Professor Goryaev continued research in the field of hematology, a blood transfusion station was organized. Professor S.I. Sherman proposed new methods of diagnosis and treatment of B12 deficiency anemia. Professor Sh.I. Ratner studied the changes in the blood picture in diseases of the abdominal cavity. The first 15 specialized hematological beds were opened in 1968 in the hospital named “Old Clinic”. The physician who treated such patients was Rakhil Sholomovna Dashevskaya, PhD. At present, hematology service is provided by three hospitals in Kazan, hematological and therapeutical beds in Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhnekamsk, outpatient hematology service in Zelenodolsk. In recent years, the introduction of stem cell therapy has begun, and modern combined methods of chemotherapy have been introduced

Tb(III) complexes with nonyl-substituted calix[4]arenes as building blocks of hydrophilic luminescent mixed polydiacetylene-based aggregates

© 2018 The present work for the first time introduces PDA-based vesicles as convenient supporters of luminescent water insoluble Tb3+ complexes. The specific cyclophanic structure of the ligands, where upper and lower calix[4]arene rims are decorated by nonyl- and chelating groups correspondingly provides both complex formation with Tb3+ ions with the coordination of the latter via two 1,3-diketonate groups and self- or mixed aggregation of the complexes. The conditions of the self-aggregation of the Tb3+ complexes are revealed, although the self-aggregates are unstable being converted into the nanosized precipitates which tend to further aggregation and phase separation. The complexes exhibit Tb(III)-centered luminescence which tends to change in time following the phase separation processes. The embedding of the Tb3+ complexes into the PDA-based vesicles results in the mixed aggregates with significant Tb(III)-centered luminescence and significant colloidal stability. The latter arises from high negative electrokinetic potential values due to exterior carboxylic/carboxylate groups of the PDA vesicles

Isolation of Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Using Three-Phase Extraction and Characteristics of its Antigenic Properties

The aim of the work was to develop an approach to isolation of rabies virus glycoprotein applying threephase extraction and to characterize its antigenic properties.Materials and methods. Infectious activity of the rabies virus (production strain, “Ovine” GNKI) after long-term storage was restored on white BALB/c mice. The strain was used for cultivation on BHK-21 cells; the culture liquid was concentrated applying ultracentrifugation followed by separation by buoyant density in a sucrose gradient, selection of visually opalescent zones, phase concentration, chromatographic separation on an ENrich™ SEC650 column (Bio-Rad, USA) and selection of monomeric fractions with high serological activity according to the results of Western blotting.Results and discussion. We have demonstrated that preliminary mechanical destruction of brain suspension, extraction of the virus-containing material from the cell suspension through successive low-speed and high-speed centrifugation, separation of the sediment produced in sucrose gradient with further phase concentration and chromatographic separation of the precipitate allows to obtain monomeric antigenic preparations with high serological activity. This methodology has made it possible to obtain an antigen, which is rabies virus glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 67 kDa, and two of its isoforms, having molecular weights of 60 and 54 kDa. The described approach can be viewed as an option for isolation of the rabies virus specific antigen when improving laboratory diagnostics techniques. The resulting antigen is a monomeric discrete containing one fraction with a molecu lar weight of 67 kDa. The data obtained corroborate the high specificity of the antigen and its suitability for the design of enzyme immunoassay and immunochromatographic tests, production of specific immunoglobulins, the study of the antigen/antibody interaction, as well as for the assessment of the protective immunity intensity after vaccination

Isolation, Purification and Evaluation of Serological Activity of Rabies Virus Antigens

Objective of the study is to evaluate the serological activity of rabies virus antigens isolated from the brain tissue of mice by homogenization on FastPrep followed by ultracentrifugation. Materials and methods. Producer strain of the rabies virus “Ovechiy” GNKI. The rabies virus was isolated from the brain tissue of experimentally infected mice, followed by the study of the electrophoretic profile. The serological activity of the virus components was assessed by immunoblot and ELISA using specific anti-rabies sera.Results and conclusions. In the course of comparing the methods of isolation and purification of the rabies virus antigen, it was found that most optimal one is to use a homogenization on FastPrep-24, followed by fractionation in a sucrose gradient. As a result of fractionation in a graded sucrose density gradient with a concentration of 15–50 % at 25000 g for 120 min, five fractions of the rabies virus components were obtained. The maximum purified protein fraction was from 15–20 % sucrose zone, which corresponded to a molecular weight of 67 kDa. The specific antigen activity of the fraction in ELISA reached up the titers of 1:1280 (Specificity coefficient 2.2). Using immunoblot of antigens, obtained from the sucrose gradient in the range of 40–45 % and 20–35 % after ultracentrifugation, one major fraction of polypeptides (54 kDa) was detected, which showed the highest antigenic activity. The results obtained will be useful in the design of test systems for rabies screening and monitoring the effectiveness of anti-epizootic measures