Comparison of the mean photospheric magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field

Polarity comparison of solar magnetic field and interplanetary magnetic fiel

The Effects of Stacking on the Configurations and Elasticity of Single Stranded Nucleic Acids

Stacking interactions in single stranded nucleic acids give rise to configurations of an annealed rod-coil multiblock copolymer. Theoretical analysis identifies the resulting signatures for long homopolynucleotides: A non monotonous dependence of size on temperature, corresponding effects on cyclization and a plateau in the extension force law. Explicit numerical results for poly(dA) and poly(rU) are presented.Comment: 4 pages and 2 figures. Accepted in Phys. Rev. E Rapid Com

Shock formation and the ideal shape of ramp compression waves

We derive expressions for shock formation based on the local curvature of the flow characteristics during dynamic compression. Given a specific ramp adiabat, calculated for instance from the equation of state for a substance, the ideal nonlinear shape for an applied ramp loading history can be determined. We discuss the region affected by lateral release, which can be presented in compact form for the ideal loading history. Example calculations are given for representative metals and plastic ablators. Continuum dynamics (hydrocode) simulations were in good agreement with the algebraic forms. Example applications are presented for several classes of laser-loading experiment, identifying conditions where shocks are desired but not formed, and where long duration ramps are desired

Micro-fabrication of Carbon Structures by Pattern Miniaturization in Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Gel

A simple and novel method to fabricate and miniaturize surface and sub-surface micro-structures and micro-patterns in glassy carbon is proposed and demonstrated. An aqueous resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) sol is employed for micro-molding of the master-pattern to be replicated, followed by controlled drying and pyrolysis of the gel to reproduce an isotropically shrunk replica in carbon. The miniaturized version of the master-pattern thus replicated in carbon is about one order of magnitude smaller than original master by repeating three times the above cycle of molding and drying. The micro-fabrication method proposed will greatly enhance the toolbox for a facile fabrication of a variety of Carbon-MEMS and C-microfluidic devices.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure

Evaluation of Total Daily Dose and Glycemic Control for Patients Taking U-500 Regular Insulin Admitted to the Hospital

OBJECTIVE: Patients using U-500 regular insulin are severely insulin resistant, requiring high doses of insulin. It has been observed that a patient\u27s insulin requirements may dramatically decrease during hospitalization. This study sought to systematically investigate this phenomenon. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with U-500 insulin outpatient regimens who were admitted to the San Antonio Military Medical Center over a 5-year period. Each patient\u27s outpatient total daily dose (TDD) of insulin was compared to the average inpatient TDD. The outpatient estimated average glucose (eAG) was calculated from the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and compared to the average inpatient glucose. RESULTS: There were 27 patients with a total of 62 separate admissions. The average age was 64.4 years, with a mean body mass index of 38.9 kg/m CONCLUSION: U-500 insulin is prone to errors in the hospital setting, so conversion to U-100 insulin is a preferred option. Despite a significant reduction in insulin TDD, these patients had clinically similar glucose levels. Therefore, patients taking U-500 insulin as an outpatient can be converted to a U-100 basal-bolus regimen with at least a 50% reduction of their outpatient TDD. ABBREVIATIONS: BG = blood glucose eAG = estimated average glucose HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin NPO = nil per os SPSS = Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TDD = total daily dose

Fabrication and characterization of dual function nanoscale pH-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) probes for high resolution pH mapping

The easy fabrication and use of nanoscale dual function pH-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) probes is reported. These probes incorporate an iridium oxide coated carbon electrode for pH measurement and an SICM barrel for distance control, enabling simultaneous pH and topography mapping. These pH-SICM probes were fabricated rapidly from laser pulled theta quartz pipets, with the pH electrode prepared by in situ carbon filling of one of the barrels by the pyrolytic decomposition of butane, followed by electrodeposition of a thin layer of hydrous iridium oxide. The other barrel was filled with an electrolyte solution and Ag/AgCl electrode as part of a conductance cell for SICM. The fabricated probes, with pH and SICM sensing elements typically on the 100 nm scale, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and various electrochemical measurements. They showed a linear super-Nernstian pH response over a range of pH (pH 2–10). The capability of the pH-SICM probe was demonstrated by detecting both pH and topographical changes during the dissolution of a calcite microcrystal in aqueous solution. This system illustrates the quantitative nature of pH-SICM imaging, because the dissolution process changes the crystal height and interfacial pH (compared to bulk), and each is sensitive to the rate. Both measurements reveal similar dissolution rates, which are in agreement with previously reported literature values measured by classical bulk methods