Effects of Fat Supplementation in Dairy Goats on Lipid Metabolism and Health Status

Fat supplementation has long been used in dairy ruminant nutrition to increase the fat content of milk and supply energy during particularly challenging production phases. Throughout the years, advances have been made in the knowledge of metabolic pathways and technological treatments of dietary fatty acids (FAs), resulting in safer and more widely available lipid supplements. There is an awareness of the positive nutraceutical effects of the addition of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to fat supplementation, which provides consumers with healthier animal products through manipulation of their characteristics. If it is true that benefits to human health can be derived from the consumption of animal products rich in bioactive fatty acids (FAs), then it is reasonable to think that the same effect can occur in the animals to which the supplements are administered. Therefore, recent advances in fat supplementation of dairy goats with reference to the effect on health status have been summarized. In vivo trials and in vitro analysis on cultured cells, as well as histological and transcriptomic analyses of hepatic and adipose tissue, have been reviewed in order to assess documented relationships between specific FAs, lipid metabolism, and immunity

Effect of Camelina sativa cake and Cynara cardunculus supplements on goat milk functional quality

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Camelina sativa cake (Came) and Cynara cardunculus (Cardoon) supplementation on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC) and metabolomics profile of goats milk. Eighteen multiparous and primiparous Alpine goats were randomly assigned to three homogenous groups: Came (n=6) receiving 200 g/day of Came, Cardoon (n=6) receiving 200 g/day of Cardoon and control (CT, n=6) receiving the standard diet. The supplementation lasted 21 days. Milk samples and rumen content were collected at d 0 (before supplementation), and 21 for analyses. Milk production and composition were assessed weekly. Milk collected at d21 was in vitro digested and further analysed for the TPC using Folin-Ciocalteu assay (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/l) and for AOC (\u3bcmol Trolox Equivalent (TE) /ml) by ABTS assay. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA using GraphPad, Prism. Milk samples collected at d 21 were also analysed by 1H NMR spectroscopy operating at 600 MHz. Metabolomic data were processed by the R (ChemoSpec package) and MetaboAnalyst programs and subjected to partial least square\u2013discriminant analysis to detect differences in the metabolome before and after Came and Cardoon supplementation in the same animals. Results showed that Came and Cardoon milk showed higher (P<0.05) TPC (22.96\ub16.76 and 32.49\ub12.08 mg GAE/l) and AOC (207.9\ub14.25 and 195.4\ub126.66 \u3bcmol TE/ml) compared with CT milk. Metabolomic profile of milk was affected by the experimental day (i.e. d 0 vs 21). Compared to the CT milk, uridine, ethanolamine, hippurate and citrate decreased, whereas lactate, alanine, methionine and choline increased in Came and Cardoon milk. In conclusion, feeding dairy goats with both Came and Cardoon resulted in changes in milk TPC and AOX activities as well as modifications in the milk metabolomic profile