Факторы риска и методы профилактики лимфогенных осложнений при онкоурологических операциях на органах малого таза (систематический обзор)

Radical prostatectomy and cystectomy with pelvic lymphatic dissection are the most common operations in oncourology. Development of lymphatic complications, such as lymphocele, lymphorrhea and lymphedema, often complicates their implementation. However, not all lymphatic complications manifest themselves clinically and require surgical treatment. There are many risk factors and methods for preventing lymphogenic complications during oncourological operations in the pelvic area. In this article, we will review potential provocative factors that should be considered when performing oncourological interventions in the pelvis, as well as methods for their prevention, which can minimize the lymphogenic complications.Радикальная простатэктомия и цистэктомия с тазовой лимфодиссекцией являются наиболее распространенными операциями в онкоурологии, и развитие лимфатических осложнений, таких как лимфоцеле, лимфорея и лимфедема, часто осложняет их выполнение. Однако не все лимфатические осложнения проявляются клинически и требуют хирургического вмешательства. Существует множество факторов риска и методов профилактики лимфогенных осложнений при онкоурологических операциях на органах малого таза. В настоящем обзоре рассмотрены потенциально провоцирующие факторы, которые следует учитывать при проведении онкоурологических вмешательств в малом тазу, а также методы их профилактики, позволяющие свести к минимуму образование лимфогенных осложнений

Сравнение периоперационных и ранних функциональных результатов лапароскопической резекции почки с опухолью при стадии cT1aN0M0 и cT1b-T2aN0M0

Background. Since partial nephrectomy and radical nephrectomy demonstrate comparable oncological safety, nephronsparing surgery is the method of choice in patients with stage T1-T2aN0M0 renal cell carcinoma.Objective: to compare the main perioperative parameters and short-term functional outcomes of treatment for localized stage cT1aN0M0 and cT1b-T2aN0M0 renal cell carcinoma.Materials and methods. A total of 148 laparoscopic partial nephrectomies were performed at N.I. Pirogov City Clinical Hospital No. 1, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University between 2016 and 2020. Study participants were divided into two groups. Group 1 included patients with stage cT1aN0M0 tumors (n = 89; 60.1 %), whereas group 2 comprised patients with stage T1b-T2aN0M0 tumors (n = 59; 39.9 %).Results. The duration of surgery was 120 min (range: 90-150 min) in group 1 and 145 min (range: 120-170 min) in group 2 (p = 0.001). The median time of warm ischemia was 13 min (range: 7-17) and 15 min (range: 12-19 min) in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.002). Seven individuals from group 1 (7.9 %) and 12 individuals from group 2 (22.3 %) had their pelvicalyceal system lanced. The median glomerular filtration rate calculated using the MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) formula was 56.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 in group 1 and 54.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 in group 2 (p = 0.252). Three patients in group 1 (3.4 %) had positive resection margin. The median follow-up time was 21 months.Conclusion. Nephron-sparing surgeries are an acceptable option for patients with stage cT1b-T2aN0M0 tumors in terms of their oncological and functional safety. Tumors exceeding 4 cm were associated with an increased risk of disease progression.Введение. С учетом сопоставимой онкологической безопасности резекции почки и радикальной нефрэктомии органосохраняющее лечение является методом выбора у пациентов с почечно-клеточным раком стадии T1-T2aN0M0.Цель исследования - сравнение основных периоперационных показателей, а также ранних функциональных результатов лечения локализованного рака почки клинических стадий сТ1аN0M0 и сT1b-T2аN0M0.Материалы и методы. С 2016 г. по октябрь 2020 г. включительно в университетской клинике урологии РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова на базе Городской клинической больницы № 1 им. Н.И. Пирогова было выполнено 148 лапароскопических резекций почки. Пациенты были разделены на 2 группы: 1-я - 89 (60,1 %) пациентов со стадией рака сТ1аN0M0; 2-я - 59 (39,9 %) пациентов со стадией сT1b-T2аN0M0.Результаты. Продолжительность операции у пациентов 1-й группы составила 120 (90-150) мин, у пациентов 2-й группы - 145 (120-170) мин (p = 0,001). Медиана времени тепловой ишемии в 1-й и 2-й группах составила 13 (7-17) и 15 (12-19) мин (p = 0,002), вскрытие чашечно-лоханочной системы наблюдалось в 8 (8,9 %) и 14 (23,7 %) случаях соответственно. Осложнения развились у 7 (7,9 %) пациентов 1-й группы и у 12 (22,3 %) пациентов 2-й группы. Медиана скорости клубочковой фильтрации, рассчитанная по формуле MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), в 1-й группе составила 56,4 мл/мин/1,73 м2, во 2-й - 54,3 мл/мин/1,73 м2 (p = 0,252). Положительный хирургический край наблюдался в 3 (3,4 %) случаях в 1-й группе. Медиана времени наблюдения составила 21 мес.Заключение. Выполнение резекции почки у пациентов со стадией почечно-клеточного рака сT1b-T2аN0M0 является допустимым с точки зрения онкологической и функциональной безопасности. Размер опухоли, превышающий 4 см, сопряжен с риском прогрессирования заболевания

Risk factors and methods for prevention of lymphogenic complications in oncourological operations in pelvic area (systematic review)

Radical prostatectomy and cystectomy with pelvic lymphatic dissection are the most common operations in oncourology. Development of lymphatic complications, such as lymphocele, lymphorrhea and lymphedema, often complicates their implementation. However, not all lymphatic complications manifest themselves clinically and require surgical treatment. There are many risk factors and methods for preventing lymphogenic complications during oncourological operations in the pelvic area. In this article, we will review potential provocative factors that should be considered when performing oncourological interventions in the pelvis, as well as methods for their prevention, which can minimize the lymphogenic complications

Analysis of Learning Curve in Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy Performed by a Surgeon

This study aimed to report the learning curve in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) performed by one surgeon who is experienced in laparoscopic prostatectomies. The records of 145 RARP cases performed between 2015 and 2017 were evaluated retrospectively. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1 comprised the first 49 cases, group 2 comprised 50–88 cases, and the rest of the cases were assigned to group 3. Continence was defined as the necessity to use at least one pad during a day. Additionally, erectile function recovery was defined as having erection sufficient for sexual intercourse regardless of using a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor. Continence and erectile function recovery were assessed during interviews at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. First, all procedures were successfully performed without conversions or blood transfusions. The median follow-up period was 22 months. Moreover, the median skin-to-skin operative time (OT) was 220 minutes. The median blood loss was 150 ml, and the mean hospital stay was 8.9 ± 3.87 days. The median prostate volume was 36 cm³. The overall positive surgical margin rate was 13.1%. Overall, 38 (26.2%) postoperative complications were observed, and 17.9% of them were graded as minor. Anastomotic leakage decreased significantly from group 1 to group 3 (26.5% and 7%, respectively). The continence recovery (0-1 pad) rates were 60.6%, 75.7%, and 84.9% at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, respectively. Subsequently, the erectile function recovery rates were 50.9% and 65.4% at 6 and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In conclusion, there are several types of learning curves for RARP. First, the shallowest learning curve was observed for the OT. Regarding the analysis of “advanced learning curve,” demonstrating the improvement of OT and blood loss is considered insufficient. Therefore, additional oncological and functional results that require a longer period of investigation are required

Regularities of Structure Formation in 30 mm Rods of Thermoelectric Material during Hot Extrusion

In this study, Ingots of (Bi, Sb)2Te3 thermoelectric material with p-type conductivity have been obtained by hot extrusion. The main regularities of hot extrusion of 30 mm rods have been analyzed with the aid of a mathematical simulation on the basis of the joint use of elastic-plastic body approximations. The phase composition, texture and microstructure of the (Bi, Sb)2Te3 solid solutions have been studied using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The thermoelectric properties have been studied using the Harman method. We show that extrusion through a 30 mm diameter die produces a homogeneous strain. The extruded specimens exhibit a fine-grained structure and a clear axial texture in which the cleavage planes are parallel to the extrusion axis. The quantity of defects in the grains of the (Bi, Sb)2Te3 thermoelectric material decreases with an increase in the extrusion rate. An increase in the extrusion temperature leads to a decrease in the Seebeck coefficient and an increase in the electrical conductivity. The specimens extruded at 450 °C and a 0.5 mm/min extrusion rate have the highest thermoelectric figure of merit (Z = 3.2 × 10−3 K−1)