Cytokine status in posttraumatic synovitis on the background of systemic and intra-articular use of NSAID and ozone

Joint  damage  initiates aseptic  self-sustaining inflammation, which  contributes the  progression of post-traumatic destruction of tissues  not  only  in the  pathological focus,  but  also outside  it,  significantly expanding the zone of degenerative changes due to secondary alterations. One of the leading roles in pathogenesis of the inflammation belongs  to secreted  mediators-cytokines – that  impart to the cells the proinflammatory potential and  promote the  long-term inflammation. These  effects  lead  to  disorganization of extracellular matrix and progressive  disintegration of cartilage.  In this regard,  the development and implementation of new pathogenetic treatment methods of post-traumatic synovitis permits  to limit the area of secondary alterations and activate  reparative mechanisms in the lesion  from the early terms,  thus potentially improving the results of  rehabilitation treatment and  increasing efficiency  of  conventional therapy   in  post-traumatic synovitis. Numerous experimental and  clinical  studies  have proven  the  effectiveness and  safety of ozone  therapy, e.g., in degenerative joint  diseases.  Despite extensive  data  highlighting effectiveness of ozone  therapy  in articular pathology, the  study of cytokine profile  when  using this treatment of posttraumatic synovitis  was performed only in few works, thus emphasizing the prospects for further research in this direction. The study was aimed for investigation of cytokine status in the patients with posttraumatic synovitis subjected to intravenous and intraarticular ozone  therapy  in combination with intra-articular administration of xefocam.The  work is based  on  the  results  of examination and  treatment of 69 patients with  traumatic injuries  of the  knee  joint,  complicated by development of  post-traumatic synovitis.  Two  study  groups  were  formed, comparable in volume  and  type  of joint  injury.  The  patients from  group  I (35 cases)  received  conventional combined treatment. Among  the  mandatory measures, evacuation of a synovial-hemorrhagic punctate was performed from the cavity of damaged joint. Conservative therapy included NSAIDs, medications that improve microcirculation, at standard dosages, as well as physical therapy. In group II (34 patients), traditional therapy was supplemented with a 10-day  course of intravenous injectable ozone  therapy  with 200 ml of NaCl  solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l daily and intra-articular ozone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/l in a volume of 20 ml 5 times  in a day. During arthroscopy, lavage of the joint  cavity was performed with ozonated saline solution at a concentration of 2.0 mg/l.  The ozone  therapy  was combined with three  intra-articular injections of xefocam  at a dose of 8 mg, once  every 4 days. A patent for the  invention was obtained for this treatment technology (No.  2456988 of 27.07.12).  The cytokine profile was evaluated by the content of Pro-inflammatory (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17), regulatory (IL-2), Il-1β receptor antagonist, and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines by solid-phase enzyme  immunoassay with an indicator label in the  form  of peroxidase. Statistical analysis of the results was carried  out using the Student criterion. Combined therapy  of intravenous and intraarticular ozone therapy  in combination with intra-articular injections of xefocam  contributed to the inhibition of the  inflammatory response, which  is reflected in  the  dynamics of depression of the  studied  cytokines: simultaneous reduction of proinflammatory cytokines with the limitation of the growth of anti-inflammatory mediators. The final measurements showed a decrease in the content of proinflammatory cytokines: TNFα by 24.6% (p2   < 0.001);  IL-17, by 17.3% (p2   < 0.01);  IL-6, by 20.1% (p2   < 0.001);  IL-1β, by 19.1% (p2   < 0.001), with a decrease in regulatory IL-2  by 25.7% (p2   < 0.001) and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL–10, by 21.3% (p2  < 0.001); Il – 4, by 25.7% (p2  < 0.001); IL-1ra, by 24.4% (p2  < 0.001), when compared to the data obtained with conventional treatment. The  results  obtained allow us to evaluate  this method as highly effective  in the treatment of post-traumatic synovitis,  thus contributing to suppression of inflammatory response  and reduces the secondary alteration of joint tissue structures, preventing the progression of post-traumatic osteoarthritis

Патогенетические аспекты взаимосвязи хронического генерализованного пародонтита и псориатического артрита

The pathogenetic mechanisms of progression of chronic periodontitis and psoriatic arthritis have common components in immune and inflammatory responses.The pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis involves interaction of microbial and immunological components. As a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease and a consequence of an infectious trigger that originally affects gingival soft tissue, periodontitis is typically characterized by periodontal destruction and damage to adjacent connective tissues. Neutrophils contribute to the development of periodontitis and participate in its progression by recruiting T helper 17 cells and stimulating synthesis of the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), contributing to bone resorption.Macrophages as producers of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)), free radicals, and matrix metalloproteinases contribute to the chronic course of the disease. Tissue destruction results in generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils, which, against the background of a decrease in the antioxidant potential, leads to development of oxidative stress. These processes together lead to tooth mobility, formation of periodontal pockets, and bone resorption.The key factors in the formation of psoriatic arthritis against the background of periodontitis are overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines in target tissues (skin, joints, gingival microflora) and development of an excessive systemic immune response to the microbiota inhabiting the epithelial and periodontal tissues. A statistically confirmed correlation of the progression of periodontal destruction with the presence of psoriatic arthritis proves the significance of the effects of inflammation as a background for the progression of a comorbidity. Increased IL-17 synthesis plays a crucial role in the development of immune responses of pathological bone remodeling and bone resorption in periodontitis and psoriatic arthritis.Патогенетическое единство механизмов прогрессирования хронического пародонтита и псориатического артрита подтверждается общими звеньями иммуновоспалительных реакций.Патогенез хронического пародонтита заключается во взаимодействии микробного и иммунологического компонентов. Как хроническое иммуновоспалительное заболевание и следствие инфекционного триггера, который первоначально поражает мягкие ткани десен, пародонтит классически характеризуется разрушением периодонта и окружающих соединительных тканей. Нейтрофилы способствуют развитию пародонтита и участвуют в его прогрессировании, рекрутируя Т-хелперы 17 и стимулируя синтез активатора мембраносвязанного рецептора ядерного фактора каппа-β (RANKL), способствуя остеорезорбции.Макрофаги как продуценты провоспалительных цитокинов (интерлейкин (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-22, IL-23, фактор некроза опухоли), свободных радикалов, матриксных металлопротеиназ способствуют хронизации процесса. Деструкция тканей влечет за собой генерацию нейтрофилами активных форм кислорода, что на фоне снижения антиоксидантного потенциала ведет к развитию оксидативного стресса. Данные процессы в совокупности ведут к формированию патологической подвижности зубов, пародонтальных карманов, процессам остеорезорбции.Ключевым фактором в формировании псориатического артрита на фоне пародонтита является гиперпродукция провоспалительных цитокинов в тканях-мишенях (кожа, суставы, микросреда десен) и развитие чрезмерного системного иммунного ответа на микробиоту, населяющую поверхность эпителия и ткани пародонта. Статистически подтвержденная корреляция развития деструкции пародонта с наличием псориатического артрита доказывает значимость эффектов воспалительного процесса как фона для развития коморбидной патологии. Повышенный синтез IL-17 выполняет ключевую роль в развитии иммунных реакций патологического костного ремоделирования и остеорезорбции при пародонтите и псориатическом артрите