11 research outputs found
Кровотечения из верхних отделов пищеварительного тракта у больных муковисцидозом, осложненным циррозом печени и портальной гипертензией
From 455 Cystic Fibrosis patients 10.2% has liver cirrhosis. In Russia we were the first to introduce surgical means of treatment for portal hypertension in CF patients with liver cirrhosis. Sclerotherapy and portal venous shunting are used if variceal haemorrhage occurs. It was shown that all of them were palliative manipulations: portocaval shunts provided good control of portal hypertension but intensified liver failure, sclerotherapy did not prevent a recurrence of bleeding. In the future liver transplantation will be introduced for Cystic Fibrosis patients in Russia.Из 455 активно наблюдаемых больных муковисцидозом цирроз печени диагностирован у 10,2%. Основной причиной, вызывающей необходимость активного эндоскопического или хирургического вмешательства у детей с муковисцидозом, осложненным циррозом печени и синдромом портальной гипертензии, обычно является пищеводно-желудочное кровотечение или угроза его возникновения. Авторами показано, что все используемые методы – шунтирующие операции или склерозирование – являются паллиативными. При шунтировании полностью предотвращается возможность кровотечения, но независимо от вида портокавального анастомоза возникает потеря портальной перфузии печени, ведущая к печеночной недостаточности. В случае склерозирования мы не нарушаем функции печени, однако у части больных сохраняется риск пищеводных кровотечений. В настоящее время радикальным методом является только трансплантация печени, возможности проведения которой разрабатываются совместно с сотрудниками отделения трансплантации печени Научного центра хирургии РАМН
Разнообразие и опасность Achromobacter spp., поражающих дыхательные пути больных муковисцидозом
Background and aims. Achromobacter spp., as causative agent of the nosocomial infections, has caught the eye last Decades. The growth of the infecting of the respiratory tract of the cystic fibrosis patients by this microorganism is formidable. The aim of this investigation was the Achromobacter spp. identification in expanded cohort of the Russian CF patients, genotyping of the microorganism according to the international standards and molecular epidemiological analysis of the situation with this opportunistic microorganism. Methods. Clinical samples from about 300 patients: sputum, tracheal aspirate, throat swabs and strains, isolated from the samples, were the material for the investigation. Method of the multilocus sequence typing (MLST), extended by the additional targets, was the base for the research. Results. 25 percents of the patients routinely hospitalized because of the severity of the disease, were infected by Achromobacter spp. of five species: A. xylosoxidans, A. ruhlandii, A. marplatensis, A. dolens, A. pulmonis, and one genogroup. The species A. ruhlandii has dominated (58.5%). One of the drug resistance indicator – oxacillinase gene blaOXA – helps in the differentiation of the genera Achromobacter and Burkholderia, and also some species in the genus Achromobacter. From 26 identified Achromobacter spp. genotypes (sequence type, ST) 16 STs relate to the species A. xylosoxidans, five – to A. ruhlandii. ST263 is specific to the patients from the Far Eastern Federal District. ST261 and 36 are the most numerous: the patients of all Federal Districts are infected by this ST. The chronological analysis allows suggesting the replacement of the genotype 261 by the genotype 36 in the end of the 1990s years and the A. ruhlandii ST36 nosocomial outbreak. At present 39% of the patients with Achromobacter spp. are infected by A. ruhlandii ST36, transmissivity of which is proved the coinfection cases of the siblings and simultaneously hospitalized patients. The influence on the respiratory function of the CF patients was the most expressed for the A. ruhlandii ST261strains. For the younger age group (1997 year of birth and younger), infected by A. ruhlandii ST36, the median of the FEV1 was slightly lower than in older age group, infected by those strain, that can indicate the accumulation of the pathogenic properties by the A. ruhlandii ST36 during the circulation between the patients. Conclusions. A. ruhlandii ST36 strain by the combination of the identified properties may be considered as the Russian epidemic strain.Achromobacter spp. как возбудитель внутрибольничных инфекций обратил на себя внимание в последние десятилетия. Особые опасения вызывает рост инфицирования этим микроорганизмом дыхательных путей больных муковисцидозом (МВ). Цель данного исследования заключалась в идентификации Achromobacter spp. в расширенной выборке российских больных МВ, генотипировании микроорганизмов в соответствии с международными стандартами и в проведении молекулярно эпидемиологического анализа ситуации по данному условно патогенному микроорганизму. Материалами для исследования послужили биологические образцы около 300 больных МВ: мокрота, трахеальный аспират, мазки из зева и штаммы, выделенные из образцов. Метод мультилокусного секвенирования, расширенный дополнительными мишенями, стал основой исследования. Результаты. 25 % пациентов, регулярно госпитализируемых в стационары в силу тяжести течения заболевания, инфицированы Achromobacter spp. 5 видов: A. xylosoxidans, A. ruhlandii, A. marplatensis, A. dolens, A. pulmonis, и 1 геномной группы. Преобладающим является вид A. ruhlandii (58,5 %). Один из индикаторов лекарственной устойчивости – ген оксациллиназы blaOXA – помогает в дифференциации рода Achromobacter и Burkholderia, а также ряда видов внутри рода Achromobacter. Из 26 выявленных генотипов (sequence type, ST) Achromobacter spp. 16 относятся к виду A. xylosoxidans, 5 – к A. ruhlandii. ST263 специфичен для пациентов Дальневосточного федерального округа. ST261 и 36 – самые многочисленные, ими инфицированы пациенты всех федеральных округов. Хронологический анализ позволил предположить смену генотипа 261 генотипом 36 в конце 1990 х гг. и внутрибольничную вспышку A. ruhlandii ST36. В настоящее время 39 % пациентов с Achromobacter spp. инфицированы A. ruhlandii ST36, трансмиссивность которого оказывают случаи заражения сиблингов и одновременно госпитализированных пациентов. Влияние на функцию дыхания больных МВ наиболее выражено у штаммов A. ruhlandii ST261. Для младшей возрастной группы пациентов (1997 г. р. и моложе), инфицированных A. ruhlandii ST36, медиана объема форсированного выдоха в 1 ю секунду несколько ниже, чем в старшей возрастной группе больных, зараженных тем же штаммом, что свидетельствует о накоплении A. ruhlandii ST36 патогенных свойств в процессе циркуляции в среде пациентов. Заключение. Штамм A. ruhlandii ST36 по совокупности выявленных свойств может быть признан российским эпидемическим штаммом
Динамика выживаемости больных муковисцидозом в Москве и Московской области за периоды 1992–2001 и 2002–2011 гг.
Summary. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) in Moscow and Moscow region and to determine factors influencing the survival. We analyzed outpatient medical records of patients followed-up in Moscow CF centers by the 1st of January, 2002, and by the 1st of January, 2012.Median survival for 2002–2012 was 37.2 years; this was significantly higher that the similar value for the previous decade (25.9 years). A total number of CF patients was more than doubled due to increased survival and improved diagnosis of the disease.Improved survival was due to improved work of CF centers and to implementation of effective medications, primarily dornase alfa (Pulmozyme) and some inhaled and systemic antibiotics and macrolides in subinhibitory concentrations, in routine clinical practice. Gram-negative infection, especially Burkholderia cepacia, was shown to decrease survival in CF patients in contrary to "mild" mutations that are better prognostic factors.Резюме. Целью работы явилось определение динамики числа и выживаемости больных муковисцидозом (МВ) в Москве и Московской области, а также определение факторов, влияющих на выживаемость. Были проанализированы амбулаторные карты больных, состоящих на учете в московских центрах муковисцидоза на 01.01.2002 и 01.01.2012.Медиана выживаемости больных за периоды 2002–2011 гг. составила 37,2 года, что достоверно выше, чем аналогичный показатель за предыдущее 10-летие – 25,9 года. Отмечено более чем 2-кратное увеличение общего количества больных, обусловленное ростом выживаемости и улучшением диагностики.Увеличение выживаемости обусловлено оптимизацией работы центров МВ и началом рутинного применения различных эффективных медикаментозных препаратов, прежде всего дорназы альфа (Пульмозим), а также некоторых ингаляционных и системных антибиотиков, макролидов в субингибирующих концентрациях. Показано, что инфицирование грамотрицательной инфекцией, особенно Burkholderia cepacia, снижает выживаемость пациентов с МВ, а наличие "мягкого" генотипа является более благоприятным прогностическим фактором
Clinical efficacy of vitrectomy when expressed destructive changes in the vitreous
Purpose: Conducting complex (clinical, hemodynamic, subjective) evaluate the effectiveness of vitrectomy in patients with expressed destructive changes in the vitreous (CT).Patients and methods. We observed 74 patients (86 eyes, mean age 63.4 years) with severe destructive changes CT manifested almost constant presence of «flying flies» in front of his eyes. Subtotal vitrectomy was performed by standard methods using instruments 25-30G with intraoperative use of a standard balanced salt solution (Balansed Salt Solution, BSS), further enriched with the introduction of an antioxidant (glutathione) in all patients in the main group.Results. Vitrectomy in patients with acute ST destructive changesassociated with significantly positive parametres of microcirculation (by 24,7 % –30,7 %, p <0,05) and subjective status (at 12,7 %, p <0,05), the progress after the surgery performance was not significantly different from that of the control group. There was a trend (p> 0,05) of increasing the maximum correctable visual acuity and the degree of lens opacity after surgery. The results of the the postoperative survey have shown that 92 % of patients were completely satisfied with the outcomes of operations (6 % — not satisfied, 2 % — had difficulties with answer). Subjectively, significant improvement in vision after surgery indicated in 62 % patients, eyesight was better — 26 %, unchanged — 10 %; blurred vision — 2 %. Our results regarding the dynamics of microcirculation suggest that surgical removal of the CT in expressed destructive changes lead to the normalization of the eyeball microvasculare perfusion. It is accompanied with the restoration of the natural balance between the arteriolar influx and venular outflow, as well as between the active and passive components of the regulatory microhemodynamics. These changes are responsible for the improvement of metabolic processes in the tissues of the eyeball, contributing to maintain a constant temperature and transparency of the CT, which generally provides the necessary prevention of postoperative complications in the retina
Toric intraocular lens implantation outcomes in patients with stable keratoconus
Purpose. To evaluate the clinical and functional results of phacoemulsification with toric IOL implantation in eyes with stable keratoconus.Material and methods. This study comprised 49 patients (49 eyes) with stable keratoconus and cataract post ICRS implantation and UVcrosslinking in anamnesis. Mean age was 46±1.2 years.Depending on different corneal astigmatism constant, all patients were subdivided in clinical groups. The first one was 27 patients with corneal astigmatism from 1.25 to 4.0D (2.52±1.63D) where the phaco AcrySof IQ Toric were implanted (Alcon, USA). The second group included 22 patients with corneal astigmatism from 4.0 to 10.50D (7.43±1.81D). In that group the IOL AT Torbi 709M (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Germany) was implanted, with the possibility of astigmatism corr ection up to 12.0 D.Results. Postoperative results were evaluated after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. By the end of the first month all patients registered a significant visual acuity improvement. The UCVA and BCVA were 0.6±0.19 (from 0.4 to 0.7) and 0.8±0.1 (from 0.7 to 0.9) in the group 1. In the group 2: 0.5±0.18 (from 0.3 to 0.6) and 0.6±0.14 (from 0.5 to 0.7). The final refractive criteria stabilization was achieved 3 months after the surgery. The objective spherical and cylindrical refraction in the group 1 was –1.5±1.58 and – 0.75±0.56D; in the group 2: –1.25±2.22 and –1.25±0.56D, respectively. In refractive results estimation a hyperopic shift was found, +0.67±0.19D (from +0.53 to +0.98D) in the group 1 and +0.98±0.21D (from +0.75 to +1.21D) i n the group 2.Conclusion. Phaco with toric IOL implantation is a safe and effective option of ametropia correction in eyes with stable keratoconus, which leads to a visual function improvement in overwhelming majority of patients, however, this method needs to capture all corneal parameters. The obtained results require a deeper further i nvestigation
MICROFLORA OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS AND SENSITIVITY TO ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON A 15-YEAR FOLLOW-UP (2000–2015 YEARS)
Chronic lower respiratory tract infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is the major factor determining the severity of the clinical course and prognosis of the disease. The purpose of the study was to investigate the prevailing respiratory microflora in patients with CF and changes in the activity of antibacterial medicines (ABM) during the period 2000–2015 in order to optimize guidelines for antibiotic therapy. Bronchial secretion was evaluated in CF patients from 2000 till 2015. 9774 samples were studied, 16.703 microbial strains were obtained. In 2000–2015, P. aeruginosa (smooth and mucoid morphological types) was the most widespread gram-negative strain. Typical strains of P. aeruginosa were isolated more often than mucoid morphotypes. In 2000–2015, isolation rates for P. aeruginosa decreased from 41.2 to 20.0% (p <0.001). The proportion of B. cepacia complex increased from 1.1 to 7.3%, up to 11.3% in 2008–2011, and a rise in the proportion A. xylosoxidans was registered from 2.9 to 4.9% (p <0.001). During the follow-up period, the diversity of isolated species has grown.ABM such as colistin (active against 100% of strains), carbapenems (imipenem is active against 70.3–72.2% of strains, and meropenem against 75.8 and 78.9%) remain active against P. aeruginosa. The effect of piperacillin/tazobactam is similar to that of carbapenems. Cefepime is less effective than ceftazidime. Fluoroquinolones and tobramycin also remian active